Chemistry
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55 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Enzymes, channels, receptors, antibodies, hormones, transporters, and support the structure of the cell inside and out. | What can proteins act as |
| Bridges between the thiol of two cysteine. | Disulfide bridge |
| Between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. | Which groups is the Peptide bond formed between? |
| Water | What is lost during a peptide bond? |
| The amino group is the first and the carboxyl group is the last. | What is the first terminus and the last terminus in a polypeptide chain? |
| Cleave peptide bonds between two amino acids. | Proteolytic cleavage |
| 1. Urea (disturbing hydrogen bonds) 2. Extremes of pH 3. Extremes of temperature 4. Changes in salt concentration (tonicity). | Denaturation of a protein happens in four ways. |
| Peptide bonds | Bonds in primary structure |
| Hydrogen bonds between the backbone of the Peptide chain. | Bonds in Secondary structure |
| Alpha helix, parallel beta sheet, and antiparallel beta sheet. | Types of secondary structure |
| Folds into itself with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, Van der Waals, covalent, disulfide bridges, and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. | Bonds in Tertiary structures |
| Van der Waals, covalent, disulfide bridges, and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. | Bonds in quaternary structure proteins |
| The proper confirmation | The term for a completely proper way of folding a protein is... |
| The one in tertiary structure happens within itself whereas the one in quaternary happens between two different subunits. | What is the difference between the Disulfide bond in a tertiary structure and in a quaternary structure. |
| When carbohydrates breakdown into CO2. Also known as burning or combustion. | Oxidation in carbohydrates is |
| CnH2nOn | General formula for a Monosaccharide |
| Fructose, glucose, Ribose | Most common monosaccharide |
| It is the link between two sugar molecules covalently bonded by a dehydration reaction requiring an enzymatic catalysis | Glycosidic linkage definition |
| Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, and Cellobiose | Common disaccharides include |
| Non-polar and only containing carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds. | Hydrophobic substances |
| Fatty acids with no carbon-carbon double bond | Saturated fatty acids |
| Fatty acids with one or more double bond between carbon-carbon. They are almost always cis. | Unsaturated fatty acids |
| They will interact with each other at the tail (hydrophobic) exposing the carboxylic group to the environment (hydrophilic). | What will happen if fatty acids were mixed in water? |
| The fatty acid storage form | Triacylglycerol/Triglyceride |
| Three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule. | How is the triglyceride formed? |
| Because free fatty acids are very reactive chemicals. | Why is it important to store fatty acids as tryglycerides? |
| Fats and carbohydrates | Two energy storage units |
| 1. packaging: the hydrophobicity of fats allows them to pack much more closer to each other than carbohydrates. 2. Energy content: Fat molecules store more energy than carbohydrate molecules. | Two reasons why fats are more efficient at energy storage than carbohydrates |
| Degree of saturation, cholesterol, tail length. | What determines the fluidity of the cell membrane? |
| Keeping the fluidity of the cell membrane at an optimum. | What's cholesterol's role in the membrane? |
| All steroids have tetracyclic ring based on the structure of cholestrol. | What is the structure of the steroids? |
| It is obtained from the diet, synthezied in the liver, and carried by the blood packages with proteins and fats. | Where is cholesterol obtained from, synthesised and carried to? |
| Because it does not contain any carbon. | Why is phosphoric acid inorganic? |
| 1. it can donate three protons 2. at physiological pH, it is dissociated | Name two properties of phosphoric acid. |
| 1.linked phosphates repel each other with their negative charge. 2. orthophosphate has more resonance thus lower free energy than linked phosphate. 3. orthophosphate has a more favorable interaction with water than linked phosphate. | Three reasons why phosphate anhydride bonds store so much energy... |
| Building blocks of DNA and RNA | Nucleotides |
| Ribose/deoxyribose sugar group purine/pyrimidine base joined to carbon 1 of the ribose ring and one, two, or three phosphate unites joined to carbon 5 of the ring. | What does each nucleotide contain? |
| Power cellular process synthesize glucose/fat | What is ATP used for? |