Era 1 Terms - Details

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“Ruled by priests and warrior-nobles, the Aztecs subjugated most of central Mexico. Captured enemies were brought to the capital, where Aztec priests brutally sacrificed thousands of them. The Aztecs believed that these ritual murders sustained the cosmos, ensuring fertile fields and the daily return of the sun.” (also had extensive farming, but was later defeated by the Spanish because of small pox)

Aztecs

“Cuzco, the Inca capital located more than 11,000 feet above sea level, had perhaps 60,000 residents. A dense network of roads, storehouses, and administrative centers stitched together this improbable high-altitude empire, which ran down the 2,000-mile-long spine of the Andes Mountains. A king claiming divine status ruled the empire through a bureaucracy of nobles. Like the Aztecs, the empire consisted of subordinate kingdoms that had been conquered by the Incas and tribute flowed from local centers of power to the imperial core.”

Incas

They lived around modern day Yucatan Peninsula and beyond, farmed using raised fields with the slash and burn technique and used the “three sisters” (crops), used a 365 day calendar and a complex numbering system, had a complex city-states, had a political collapse after 900AD to be later attacked by the Spanish.

Mayans

“It was the Spanish who called these groups Pueblo Indian: pueblo means “town” in Spanish, and the name refers to their distinctive building style. When Europeans arrived, Pueblo peoples, including the Acomas, Zunis, Tewas, and Hopis, were found throughout much of modern New Mexico, Arizona, and western Texas.”

Pueblos

(Southeast) known for their baskets, sculpture, and glazed pottery and had to move to Oklahoma later on so they concentrated on beadwork instead

Creeks

(around Southeastern Mississippi) known for being fierce warriors, excellent farmers, and skilled traders. They traded with other NA nations and Europeans, they also focused on agriculture

Choctaws

(Southeast states) known for being one off the largest politically integrated tribes, known for being excellent hunters, traders, and warriors

Cherokees

“Some Native American groups were not chiefdoms at all, but instead granted political authority to councils of sachems, or leaders. This was the case with the Iroquois Confederacy. Sometime shortly before the arrival of Europeans, probably around 1500, five nations occupying the region between the Hudson River and Lake Erie- the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas- banded together to from the Iroquois.”

Iroquois Confederacy

(“Land of Wine”) the land of wild grapes in North America that was visited and named by Leif Eriksson about the year 1000 ce. , the Norse had started colonies there and many others tried to make an attempt to just make it there from Greenland but failed and the colonies eventually left.

Vinland

“European engagement with the wider Atlantic world began around 1400, when the Portuguese monarchy propelled Europe into overseas expansion. Portugal soon took a leading role in the African slave trade, while the newly unified kingdom of Spain undertook Europe’s first conquests in the Americas. These two ventured, though not initially linked, eventually became cornerstones in the creation of the “Atlantic World.”

Portuguese Slave Trade

“Vasco da Gama reached East Africa in 1497 and India in the following year; his ships were mistaken for those of Chinese traders, the last pale-skinned men to arrive by sea. Although de Gama’s inferior goods-tin basins, coarse cloth, honey, and coral beads-were snubbed by the Arab and Indian merchants along India’s Malabar Coast, he managed to acquire a highly profitable cargo of cinnamon and pepper. Da Gama returned to India in 1502 with twenty-one fighting vessels, which outmaneuvered and outgunned the Arab fleets.”

Vasco de Gama

“Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), in the pay of the Spanish court, sailed west from Europe crossing the Atlantic in 1492 en route to India and the legendary hoards of gold and spices rumored to be found in the East. As we know, Columbus failed to reach India, but the world he encountered opened Europe to riches of a different sort. In the journal of Columbus’s first voyage, he describes the native peoples he encountered, including comments on their appearance, dress, and behavior toward him.”

Christopher Columbus

“Bartolome de Las Casas, born in Seville, migrated to Hispaniola early in the sixteenth century and participated in the colonial economy, owning slaved and waging military attacks against the indigenous population.”

Hispaniola

The Old world (Europe) struggled with these pathogens. They made moving forward difficult in the centuries prior to colonization. Other pathogens that made it difficult for the old world were influenza, and the bubonic plague. These pathogens were the cause of the loss of up to 90% of Native American numbers. This forced them to cope with European and African newcomers in a more vulnerable state.

Old World Diseases

It was signed in Spain on June 7th, 1494. The purpose of the treaty was to split the new world amongst two superpowers. It was named after the City in Spain where it was created. An agreement between King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and King John II of Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Helped establish the first stable settlement in south America (Panama)

Vasco Nunez Balboa

Portuguese explorer, he planned and led the Spanish expedition to the East Indies

Ferdinand Magelian

He founded the oldest settlement, Caparra. He explored and settled Puerto Rico. (1508-1509)

Juan Ponce de Leon

Explored Southwest North America whose expeditions resulted in the discovery of many physical landmarks like the Grand Canyon.

Francisco Coronado

He led 600 men on a Journey through southeast US (first Europeans to explore that region)

Hernado de Soto

In 1518, he was in control of exploring the interior of Mexico so that they could colonize it. He was to secure the area so that it would be ready for future colonists to arrive. He conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico on the behalf od Spain.

Hernan Cortez

John Cabot proved that there was a shorter route across the northern Atlantic Ocean. He got a patent granted by Henry VII in 1496. His voyages helped for future Britain colonization.

John Cabot

Italian Explorer who first explored the Atlantic coast of Florida.

Giovanni da Verrazano

French explorer who first explored the Great Lakes Region as well as the Gulf of Mexico.

Robert de La Salle

Spanish priest who led Fransiscan missions

Father Junipero Serra

Nation states are sovereign states that have people with common descent, language, and other types of factors.

Nation-states

Cultures that built the mounds, especially in the Mississippi communities. These people built the mounts for ceremonial buildings and the rulers’ homes.

Mound builders

Pre Columbus city across from the Mississippi river, now called Cahokia. Emerged 1000 outmost of their culture. Lots of mounds. Powerful ruling class that worshipped the sun.

Cahokia

Ships designed to travel through stronger winds, used by Spainards and Portugueses.

Caravel

Land divided up for planting. The large lands were suitable for farming.

Plantation System

The movement of a biological transformation of diseases, people, and plants across the Atlantic. Syphilis was one of those diseases that Columbus’s sailors carried back to Europe. Smallpox, influenza, and yellow fever nearly wiped the entire native population.

Columbian exchange

Establish/ claim land for Spain or Portugal. Sailors who came/ were sent to find land in the central America/ Americas.

Conquistadors

An economic system that invests in goods for competition by individuals.

Capitalism

Spanish kings granted Indian labor in Spanish America to prominent men in return of protection and Christian instruction.

Encomienda

Mestizos was the mix of Spanish and Indigenous blood.

Mestizos

The rising of the Indigenous people against the Spanish. In present day New Mexico, they succeeded in overthrowing the Spanis rulers.

Pope's Rebellion

The rising of the Indigenous people against the Spanish. In present day New Mexico, they succeeded in overthrowing the Spanis rulers.

Black Legend

Was a young ruler who was arranged with Isabella of Castille, financed an explorer to look West. With Isabella, they complete long Reconquista's.

Ferdinand of Aragon

Arranged to be Ferdinand of Aragon set many century long Reconquista's. Using Christianity as a way to show their “spanishness”, they forcibly converted Jews and Muslims.

Isabella of Castille

Was a Spanish conquistador, he brought 168 men and 67 horses to Peru to take over. By the time Pizarro arrived in Peru most of the people have died from different European diseases, In the end Pizarro killed the last Incan emperor and took his wealth.

Fransico PIzarro

(c. 1484-1566) was born in Seville but moved to Hispaniola. Participated in the colonial economy by owning slaves and waging military attacks against the indigenous population. He was a Spanish conqueror he was against slavery and its cruelties; he was urging people also to be against slavery.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Was the ruler of Tenochtitlan who met some of the Europeans.

Moctezuma

(r. 1508-1547) approved a protestant confession of faith. She also retained the Catholic ritual of Holy communion and left the Church in the hands of Anglicans and archbishops. Supported a generation of English seafarers who took increasingly aggressive actions against Spanish control of American wealth, military expeditions that opposed English rule over Gaelic-speaking Catholic Ireland.

Queen Elizabeth 1

A rough-hewn, devoutly Protestant farmer’s son from Devon who took to the sea and became a scourge to Philips American interest. In 1577, he ventured through the Pacific to interrupt Spanish shipping. Drake lost three shops and a hundred, but the survivors completed the first English circumnavigation and captured two Spanish ships. He brought back gold, silver, silk, and spices.

Sir Francis Drake

Was an English explorer who had three expeditions, these three expeditions were funded by Queen Elizabeth I.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Phillip !! was a king in Spain, a catholic and was a very powerful ruler. His objective was to get rid of any enemy or challenge to the Catholic Church.

Philip ii Spain

Was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships, which was sent to invade England in 1588.

Spanish Armada

The law of the fathers giving all their land to their oldest sons, which usually left their younger children to join poorer communities.

Laws of Primogeniture

A joint stock company is a that allows investors to pool their resources into a representative political system with a governor, council and assembly.

Joint stock companies

Was a group of English settlers from London who were sent around the world to explore land. The word Virginia comes from the title “virgin queen” which was given to Elizabeth I.

Virginia Company of London

Is a place in Virgina, which was named after King James I (1603-1625). This place was named Jamestown after the Virginia company of London was given permission to travel there. The reason they were traveling there was to look for riches, which they did not find.

Jamestown

Was an explorer who arrived in Jamestown in 1607 and quickly was considered the leader of the settlement. He helped sustain a colony through many winters from 1608-1608 and continued to promote English settlement in Jamestown.

Captain John Smith

An English colonist that was arranged marriage with Pocahontas by her father Powhatan in an attempt to make Jamestown a community under Powhatan’s chiefdom. While in the Americas, he found a strain of Tobacco that could flourish in the soil of Virgina. This tobacco would bring many more settlers, leading to expansion upon Native American land.

John Rolfe

The wars fought between the Virginian settlers and the Powhatan tribes over landsakes.

Anglo-Powhattan Wars

Roanoke Island was one of England's first planting colonies within the North Eastern Americas. Disaster struck however, when the 117 settlers of Roanoke Island seemed to have vanished, there was no evidence left from where they had once settled, remaining a mystery of the lost colony to this day.

Roanoke Island

A colonial charter is the legal rights for a colony to exist; for example, after the Native uprising attacked an English colony killing a third of the people, King James I revoked their charter, removing all funding and support from Homeland England

Colonial charter

First king of the United Kingdom, made many of the advancements towards colonization of the Americas

James i

A powerful chief that lead over thirty tribal chiefdoms between the James and Potomac rivers. He was willing to ally with the English traders who could produce valuable goods; however, he expected tribute from these traders. In exchange for food, he wanted hatchets, bells, beads, and copper as well as guns. He also wanted Jamestown to become a community under his chiefdom, for which he married his daughter, Pocahontas, to an English colonist, John Rolfe. Over the years, this tactic failed and war would strike between the two sides for a plethora of reasons.

Powatan

Real name Matoaka, Pocahontas was born in the Virgina area. She was the daughter of Powhatan, making her interactions with the settlers important. While she never wrote, others said that she was a mediator with Jamestown settlers. Before her father was going to kill John Smith, another settler, Pocahontas laid her arms around his head to stop him from being killed.

Pocahontas

A title of English leaders, given to the “governor-for-life" of the Virgina colony after John Smith left the position

Lord De La Warr

A Mohawk man who lost his family during the wars between the Iroquois tribes. While grieving, he met a spirit that taught him condolence rituals and he taught them to what became the Iroquois Confederacy

Hiawatha

Calvinists who were expelled from France in the 1680s and settles in Holland and the British colonies. Many lost their French identities by marrying with protestants of other decent.

French Huguentas

Granted Huguenots rights in France and the new colonies. Signed by King Henry IV

Edict of Nantes

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