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Study of structures that can be seen without using a microscope

Gross anatomy

Study of cells and tissues using a microscope

Histology

Approach used to study anatomy wherein each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at the same time

Regional approach

Approach used to study anatomy wherein each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the entire body

Systemic approach

This approach to study anatomy works very well if the anatomy course involves cadaver dissection but falls short when it comes to understanding the continuity of an entire system throughout the body

Regional approach

"This approach to study anatomy fosters an understanding of an entire system throughout the body but is very difficult to coordinate this directly with a cadaver dissection or to acquire sufficient detail.

Systemic approach

Major anatomical planes:oriented vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal planes

Major anatomical planes:oriented vertically but are at right angles to the coronal planes and divide the body into right and left parts

Sagittal planes

Major anatomical planes: divide the body into superior and inferior parts

Transverse, horizontal, or axial planes

Directional term:Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.

Superior (cephalic or cranial)

Directional term: Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

Inferior (caudal)

Directional term: Nearer to or at the front of the body

Anterior (ventral)

Directional term: Nearer to or at the back of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Directional term: Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).

Medial

Directional term: Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk;farther from the origination of a structure.

Distal

Directional term: Farther from the midline

Lateral

Directional term:Between two structures

Intermediate

Directional term: On the same side of the body as another structure

Ipsilateral

Directional term: On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

Contralateral

Directional term: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

Proximal

Directional term: Toward or on the surface of the body.

Superficial

Directional term: Away from the surface of the body.

Deep

Directional term: used, particularly in the head, to describe the position of a structure with reference to the nose

Rostral

Subgroup of the skeletal system: consists of the bones of the skull (cranium), vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Axial skeleton

Subgroup of the skeletal system: consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs

Appendicular skeleton

The skeletal system consist of: avascular form of connective tissue consisting of extracellular fibers embedded in a matrix that contains cells localized in small cavitie

Cartilage

The skeletal system consist of: nourished by diffusion and has no blood vessels, lymphatics, or nerves

Cartilage

The skeletal system consist of: calcified, living, connective tissue that forms the majority of the skeleton

Bone

The skeletal system consist of: vascular and are innervated

Bone

Type of bone: dense bone that forms the outer shell of all bones and surrounds spongy bone

Compact

Type of bone: consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells (marrow)

Spongy

Classification of bones by shape:tubular (e.g., humerus in upper limb; femur in lower limb).

Long bones

Classification of bones by shape: cuboidal (e.g., bones of the wrist and ankle).

Short bones

Classification of bones by shape: consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (e.g., skull).

Flat bones

Classification of bones by shape: bones with various shapes (e.g., bones of the face).

Irregular bones

"Classification of bones by shape: round or oval bones that develop in tendons.

Sesamoid bones

Usually one per bone given by an adjacent artery, that directly enters the internal cavity of the bone and supplies the marrow, spongy bone, and inner layers of compact bone

Nutrient artery

A fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the bone

Periosteum

Has the unique capability of forming new bone

Periosteum

Receives blood vessels whose branches supply the outer layers of compact bone

Periosteum

True or False: A bone stripped of its periosteum can still survive

False

Sites where two skeletal elements come together

Joints

Connections between skeletal components where the elements involved are separated by a narrow articular cavity

Synovial joints

Features of the synovial joint: layer of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements

Hyaline cartilage

A joint capsule consists of: attaches to the margins of the joint surfaces at the interface between the cartilage and bone and encloses the articular cavity

Synovial membrane

A joint capsule consists of: highly vascular and produces synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

A joint capsule consists of: formed by dense connective tissue and surrounds and stabilizes the joint.

"fibrous membrane

Additional structures of a synovial joint: absorb compression forces, adjust to changes in the contours of joint surfaces during movements, and increase the range of movements that can occur at joints

Articular discs

Additional structures of a synovial joint: occur between the synovial membrane and the capsule and move

Fat pads

Additional structures of a synovial joint: move into and out of regions as joint contours change during movement

Fat pads

"Types of synovial joints (based on shape of articular surfaces): allow sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another e.g., acromioclavicular joint

Plane joints

"Types of synovial joints (based on shape of articular surfaces): allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint; permit flexion and extension e.g., elbow [humeroulnar] joint

Hinge joints

Types of synovial joints (based on shape of articular surfaces): allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone; permit rotation e.g., atlantoaxial joint

Pivot joints

Types of synovial joints (based on shape of articular surfaces): allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis; formed by two convex condyles that articulate with concave or flat surfaces e.g., knee joint

Bicondylar joints

Types of synovial joints (based on shape of articular surfaces): allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction (limited) e.g., wrist joint

Condylar (ellipsoid) joints

"Types of synovial joints (based on shape of articular surfaces): allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surfaces are saddle shaped; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Saddle joint

Types of synovial joints (based on shape of articular surfaces): allow movement around multiple axes; permit flexion, extension, abduction, circumduction, and rotation e.g., hip joint

Ball and socket joints

Types of synovial joints (based on movement): movement in one plane

Uniaxial

Types of synovial joints (based on movement): movement in two planes

Biaxial

Types of synovial joints (based on movement): movement in three planes

Multiaxial

Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either by fibrous connective tissue or by cartilage, usually fibro-cartilage; Movements at these joints are more restricted than at synovial joint

Solid joints

Solid joint:occur only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue termed a sutural ligament.

Sutures

Solid joint: occur only between the teeth and adjacent bone. In these joints, short collagen tissue fibers in the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket

Gomphoses

Solid joint: joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament

Syndesmoses

Cartilaginous joints: occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage

Synchondroses

Cartilaginous joints: occur where two separate bones are inter-connected by cartilage

Symphyses

Largest organ of the body

Skin

Skin: outer cellular layer of stratified squamous epithelium

Epidermis

Skin: dense bed of vascular connective tissue

Dermis

Skin: avascular and varies in thickness

Epidermis

Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat that separate, support, and interconnect organs and structures, enable movement of one structure relative to another, and allow the transit of vessels and nerves from one area to another

Fascia

Fascia: allows movement of the skin over deeper areas of the body, acts as a conduit for vessels and nerves coursing to and from the skin, and serves as an energy (fat) reservoir

Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia

Fascia: consists of dense, organized connective tissue; compartmentalize groups of muscles with similar functions and innervations, hold tendons in place and prevent them from bowing during movements at the joints

Deep fascia

Control: Skeletal muscle

Voluntary

Control: Cardiac muscle

Involuntary

Control: Smooth muscle

Involuntary

Appearance: Skeletal muscle

Striated or striped

Appearance: Cardiac muscle

Striated or striped

Appearance: Smooth muscle

Smooth or non – striated

Location: Skeletal muscle

Somatic

Location: Cardiac muscle

Visceral

Location: Smooth muscle

Visceral

Pumps blood throughout the body

Heart

Closed network of tubes that transport the blood

Blood vessels

Types of blood vessels: transport blood away from the heart

Arteries

Types of blood vessels: transport blood toward the heart

Veins

Types of blood vessels: connect the arteries and veins, are the smallest of the blood vessels and are where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues

Capillaries

Walls of the blood vessels: the outer connective tissue layer

Tunica externa (adventitia)

Walls of the blood vessels: the middle smooth muscle layer (may also contain varying amounts of elastic fibers in medium and large arteries)

Tunica media

Walls of the blood vessels: the inner endothelial lining of the blood vessels.

Tunica intima

Mainly collect fluid lost from vascular capillary beds during nutrient exchange processes and deliver it back to the venous side of the vascular system

Lymphatic vessel

Protein-coated lipid droplets, which are released from the epithelial cells and enter the interstitial compartment

Chylomicrons

What is carried by lymphatic vessels from the small intestine that is opaque and milky because of the presence of chylomicrons

Chyle

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine

Lacteals

Fluid in most lymphatic vessels; clear and colorless

Lymph

Act as elaborate filters that trap and phagocytose particulate matter in the lymph that percolates through them

Lymph nodes

Detect and defend against foreign antigens that are also carried in the lymph

Lymph nodes

Cerebral hemisphere: containing cell bodies (outer)

Gray matter

Cerebral hemisphere: axons forming tracts or pathways (inner)

White matter

Cerebral hemisphere: spaces filled with CSF

Ventricles

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