Human Development Final
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127 questions
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For each genotype, a range of ________ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability. | Penotypes |
Carla has brown hair, and her husband also has brown hair. However, Carla's son is born with blond hair. This most likely indicates that Carla's son | Inherited the recessive genes for blonde hair. |
Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis? | Physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics |
________ refers to an abnormally small brain of a fetus that can lead to intellectual disability. | Microencephaly |
________ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. | Gene × environment (G × E) interaction |
Which of the following statements is true about brain development? | Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later. |
According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, ________. | Biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development |
From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is true of sleep? | B) Sleep is essential to clearing out waste in neural tissues. |
Who is at the highest risk of SIDS? | Chaz who is three months old |
Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through | The unfolding of a genetic plan. |
Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called | Organization |
Child-directed speech is the | Unique way that parents (and others) talk to babies. |
Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development. Provide an example of each type of pattern. | Cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top- the head - with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom. Example : Infants see objects before they can control their, torso and they can use their hands long before they crawl or walk. Proximodistal pattern is a sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. Example : Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. |
The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to | The gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex. |
Which of the following statements is true of crying? | Excessive infant crying in 3-month-olds triples the risk of behavioral, hyperactive, and mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age. |
Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile? | Social Smile |
Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant? | Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops. |
Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding? | A game of peek-a-boo |
The United States currently grants up to ________ weeks of ________ leave for caring for a newborn. | 12, unpaid |
The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that | The influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care. |
Briefly describe the four phases of attachment as identified by John Bowlby. | Phase 1: From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant. Phase 2: From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Phase 3: From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father. Phase 4: From 24 months on. Children become aware of other people’s feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in directing their own actions. |
What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world? | Ethnic origin and nutrition |
________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. | Myelination |
Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight? | Body-mass index |
Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury? | An absence of playground hazards |
Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development | Cannot yet perform reversible mental actions. |
Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language? | Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge. |
In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from | The individual to collaboration |
Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means | Repeating information after it has been presented. |
________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. | The Montessori approach |
Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through | The mutual give-and-take of peer relations. |
According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the | The Oedipus complex |
In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect? | Allowing chronic truancy |
Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another are referred to as | Acculturation |
Which theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt"? | Erikson |
Advances in the ________ of the brain are linked to children's ________. | Prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control |
Anne, a 10-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability? | Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant. |
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that | All students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education. |
Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills? | Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children. |
________ involves knowing about knowing. | Metacognition |
A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's | Intelligence Quotient |
Who created the concept of intelligence quotient? | William Stern |
Organic intellectual disability is caused by | A genetic disorder or brain damage. |
In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to | Compare themselves with others. |
Children with high self-esteem typically | Are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. |
According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy? | It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve. |
Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called | Industry versus inferiority. |
Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy? | Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis |
Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on | Decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying. |
________ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts. | Intimacy in friendships |
Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings? | G. Stanley Hall |
Which of the following statements is true of pubertal growth spurt? | The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys. |
In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century. | Declined significantly |
Which of the following is an example of a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)? | Contraceptive implants |
In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence? | African American Males |
According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins. | Formal Operational |
The ________ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility. | Personal fable |
What is the term for an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation? | Anorexia Nervosa |
An individual's body image encompasses his or her | Physical Identity |
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ________. | Identity Confusion |
According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status? | The existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment |
According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they | Experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth. |
Rites of passage | Provide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world. |
Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college? | Opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values |
Most of us reach our peak physical performance | Before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26. |
Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking? | Ten or more drinks in a row |
According to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the thinking of 7- to 11-year-olds? | Concrete Operational thinking |
Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with | Secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood. |
Individuals with an anxious attachment style | Demand closeness in relationships and are less trusting and more emotional. |
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage? | Intimacy vs. Isolation |