Cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top- the head - with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom. Example : Infants see objects before they can control their, torso and they can use their hands long before they crawl or walk. Proximodistal pattern is a sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. Example : Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers.

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

The gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.

Which of the following statements is true of crying?

Excessive infant crying in 3-month-olds triples the risk of behavioral, hyperactive, and mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age.

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile?

Social Smile

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt.

Autonomy

Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?

A game of peek-a-boo

The United States currently grants up to ________ weeks of ________ leave for caring for a newborn.

12, unpaid

The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that

The influence of families and parenting is not weakened by extensive use of day care.

Briefly describe the four phases of attachment as identified by John Bowlby.

Phase 1: From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant. Phase 2: From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. Phase 3: From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father. Phase 4: From 24 months on. Children become aware of other people’s feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in directing their own actions.

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?

Ethnic origin and nutrition

________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.

Myelination

Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight?

Body-mass index

Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?

An absence of playground hazards

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development

Cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.

In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates

Centration

Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language?

Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge.

In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from

The individual to collaboration

Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means

Repeating information after it has been presented.

________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

The Montessori approach

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

Self-counscious

In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?

15-18 months of age

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

Superego

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through

The mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the

The Oedipus complex

A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n)

Authoritative

In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect?

Allowing chronic truancy

Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another are referred to as

Acculturation

Which theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt"?

Erikson

Advances in the ________ of the brain are linked to children's ________.

Prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving

Reading ability.

Anne, a 10-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Which of the following scenarios would have most likely caused this disability?

Anne's mother smoked cigarettes and consumed alcohol frequently while pregnant.

From the following options, identify the disorder that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately eight percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification.

Emotional and behavioral disorders

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that

All students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.

Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?

Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.

________ involves knowing about knowing.

Metacognition

A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's

Intelligence Quotient

Who created the concept of intelligence quotient?

William Stern

Organic intellectual disability is caused by

A genetic disorder or brain damage.

Tabitha has a learning disability that involves a severe impairment in her ability to read and spell. She most likely has ________.

Dyslexia

In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are more likely than children in early childhood to

Compare themselves with others.

Children with high self-esteem typically

Are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions.

According to Albert Bandura, which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy?

It is a critical factor in whether or not students achieve.

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called

Industry versus inferiority.

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

Learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

Dan Olweus's bullying intervention program focuses on

Decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying.

________ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Intimacy in friendships

Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as

Mindset.

Individuals with a(n) ________ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort.

Growth

Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?

G. Stanley Hall

Which of the following statements is true of pubertal growth spurt?

The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys.

In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century.

Declined significantly

Which of the following is an example of a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)?

Contraceptive implants

Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have

Childhood Illness

In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence?

African American Males

According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the ________ stage, begins.

Formal Operational

The ________ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

Personal fable

Identify the theorist who suggested that adolescent egocentrism is characterized by "the imaginary audience" and the "personal fable."

David Elkind

What is the term for an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation?

Anorexia Nervosa

An individual's body image encompasses his or her

Physical Identity

Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ________.

Identity Confusion

According to James Marcia, what determines an individual's identity status?

The existence or extent of his or her crisis or commitment

James Marcia defines ________ as a period of identity development during which an individual is exploring alternatives.

Crisis

Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a(n) ________ identity.

Bicultural

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they

Experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.

Rites of passage

Provide a forceful and discontinuous entry into the adult world.

One study found that low rates of delinquency from 14 to 23 years of age were associated with a(n) ________ parenting style.

Authoritative

What term is used to describe a personal investment in identity?

Committment

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately ________ years of age.

18-25

Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?

Opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values

Most of us reach our peak physical performance

Before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.

Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of

Hypertension

Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?

Ten or more drinks in a row

Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely has

AIDS

Condoms are less effective against the spread of

Herpes

According to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the thinking of 7- to 11-year-olds?

Concrete Operational thinking

According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ________ refers to a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us.

Flow

Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with

Secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood.

Individuals with an anxious attachment style

Demand closeness in relationships and are less trusting and more emotional.

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

Intimacy vs. Isolation