Lecture 2
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40 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Lipids are relatively .... compounds that degrade .... . They are often part of the ..... | Apolar - slowly - cell mambrane |
| How can we get information from a compound? | We look at the structure (functional group, straigh chain, isoprenoids, stereochemistry and cyclicite of lipids) |
| NA | NA |
| NA | NA |
| What compound is drawn in this figure and what is the R and R' | Alkanone, CH3 and a long chain |
| What compound is drawn in this figure and what is the R? | Akanoic acids/fatty acids and the R is a long chain |
| What structrure is shown here ? | Alkanols/alcohols |
| What does the biosynthesis of fatty acids look like | Keep on adding C2 units, most fatty acids have a even numbered unbrached cabron chain (aliphatic) and act as a buildingblock for i.e., alcohols and alkanes |
| What does the biosynthesis of alkanes look like? | Fatty acids reduced into an alkane through loss of CO2, makes it odd chained |
| What does the biosynthesis of ketones/alcohols look like | Loss of O (stays even) makes ketone, and O and H merge together to form alcohol (even chained for fatty alcohols) |
| How do fatty acids form buildingblocks for membranes | The membrane lipids orient themselved as bilayers where the apolar (hydrophobic) tails orient themselves towards eachother |
| Welke is cis en welke trans isomeer | A = cis, b= trans |
| Branched fatty acids, what is iso and what is anteiso | Iso = branched 1 from the end, anteiso = branched 2 from the end (mid-chain = in the middle of the chian lol) |
| What is an isoprenoid and which is the head end and tail end? | Building blocks of C5, continuously adding (C10 = monoterpenoids, C15 = sesquiterpenoids, C20 = diterpenoids, C25 = sesterpenoids, C30 = triterpenoids, more than C30 = polyterpenoids) Head = left, tail = right (head has the branch) |
| What kind of isoprenoid couplings are these | Head to tail, head to head, tail to tail |
| What is this triterpenoid (C30) compound and where it is found | Squalene (C30:6), 6 stands for the amount of double bonds. It is found as a contaminant often of skin grease and plastics |
| Phytol acts as a biomarker for .... it is a .... | Chlorophyll (and so photosynthesis/primary productivity) - diterpene alcohol |
| What are example of cyclic triterpenoids and how are they formed? | Steroids, hopanoids - cyclase on squalene or 2,3-oxidosqualene |
| What is cyclase | A cyclase is an enzyme, almost always a lyase, that catalyses a chemical reaction to form a cyclic compound --> cyclisation forms multiple rings structures that can be folded together in 3D |
| What is a hopene (formed through squalene-hopene cyclase) and what kind of folding does it make? | Hopene (hopanoids) = 4 cyclohexanes, 1 cyclopentane & non-sterol folding |
| What is this? And who make them and how? | Hopene, bacteria and without (no need of) oxygen |
| What is a sterol (formed through oxidosqualene lanosterol cyclase) and what kind of folding does it make | Sterol (steroids) = isoprenoid tetra(4)cyclic alcohol, 3 cyclohesanes, 1 cyclopentane, sterol folding |
| Who make sterols and how? | They are made by vertebrates, fungi and plants (eukaryotes!) and need oxygen to be made |
| Give an example of a steroid | Cholesterol |
| Steroids are biosynthesized .... Sterols act as .... | Stereospecifically - membrane rigidifiers |
| What does the alpha & beta mean in the structure of cyclic triterpenoids | They stand for the R & S stereochemistry (acyclic isoprenoids |
| What are three examples of triterpenoids and what are their characteristic features? | Steroids (4 cyclohexane, 1 cyclopentane), hopanoids (3 cyclohexane, 1 cyclopentane) and squalene (long chaon C30 with 6 double bonds) |
| These are all ? | Polycyclic triterpenoids (please take a second to look at them) |
| What are extended hopanoids? | C35 hopanoids, very abundant in bacteria as membrane lipids (alternative to sterols in eukaryotes) |
| How are extended hopanoids synthesised? | Diplotene is coupled with C5 sugar leading to C35 hopanepolyols (a bacteriohopanetetrol would have 4 -OH groups) |
| Lipids are about 10% of total biomass. What about the other 90% ? | Carbohydrates, protains, nucleic acids and refractory biopolymers (dont get extracted) |
| The most simple carbohydrate (sugar) is a ..., these can bundle up and result in a higher molecular weight material resulting in a .... which act as .... | Monosaccharide, polysaccharides - energy storage and structural material |
| What is the building block of proteins | Amino acids, proteins are polymers of alpha-amino acids (lipids rarely occur in polymeric forms) |
| What is the function of proteins? | Catalytic agent (enzyme) and structural role (collagen, keratin, etc.) |
| Degradation rate depend on | Exposure time, oxygen state and kind of molecule (lipids are best preserved) DNA, carbohydrates, and proteins much less. |
| Lipids are information rich molecules due to their | Rich and vast structural diversity from simple fatty acids to complex triterpenoids |