ORCHMD1-LEC
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| The Carbonyl group defines two related families of organic compounds: | Aldehydes & ketones |
| Organic molecules containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom | Aldehydes & ketones |
| Reactivity of aldehydes & ketones | Particularly reactive |
| Share many common properties because they contain the same functional group but they still differ enough to warrant their classification into two families. | Aldehydes & ketones |
| IUPAC name of this ketone | Cyclohexanone |
| IUPAC name of this ketone | 5-methyl-3-hexanone. |
| Common name of this ketone | Ethyl isobutyl ketone |
| Most common aldehyde molecule | Formaldehyde |
| Used in the formation of formaldehyde polymers. | Formaldehyde |
| Examples of formaldehyde polymers are found in | *Melmac plastic dishes *Formica tabletops *in the adhesives used in the manufacture of plywood and fiberboard. |
| IUPAC name of this aldehyde | Methanal |
| IUPAC name of this aldehyde | Ethanal |
| IUPAC name of this aldehyde | Butanedial |
| Common name of this aldehyde | Benzaldehyde |
| Common name of this aldehyde | Valeraldehyde |
| IUPAC name of this aldehyde | Pentanal |
| Common name of this aldehyde | Caproaldehyde |
| IUPAC name of this aldehyde | Hexanal |
| Common name of this aldehyde | Isobutyraldehyde |
| IUPAC name of this aldehyde | 2-methylpropanal |
| Polarity of aldehydes and ketones and specify the distribution | Polar (Partially negative and partially positive) |
| Causes many of the chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones | Polarity of carbonyl compounds |
| Why cant Carbonyl compounds hydrogen-bond to themselves | Because no hydrogen atom is attached to the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group. |
| Penetrating, disagreeable odor | Lower-molar-mass aldehydes |
| Metabolic state | Ketosis |
| Ketosis is a metabolic state where evidence lies in what physical properties of a low-molar mass ketone? | High water solubility & low boiling point (high vapor pressure) |
| Aldehydes undergo _____________________ reactions | Oxidation and reduction |
| The characteristic reaction of Carbonyl group | Addition reactions |
| Are unaffected by oxidation | Ketones |
| Ketones can be oxidized only under drastic conditions by treatment with hot potassium permanganate solution under these conditions: | Carbon–carbon bonds are broken & variety of products are formed |
| Methanol is air oxidized to | Formaldehyde |
| Another name for Tollens test | Silver-mirror tests |
| Positive test of Tollens test | Appearance of a silver mirror on the inner wall of the tube |
| Contain Cu2+ ions in an alkaline medium and the aldehyde group is oxidized to an acid by Cu2+ ions. | Fehling and Benedict solutions |
| Blue Cu2+ ions are reduced and form brick-red copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) | Fehling and Benedict solutions |
| Can be used for detecting carbohydrates that have an available aldehyde group | Fehling and Benedict Tests |
| Fehling and Benedict Tests: Ketones reaction | No reaction |
| Tollens test: Ketones reaction | No reaction |
| Aldehydes and ketones are easily reduced to alcohols by | Elemental hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst (H2/Ni) & chemical reducing agents |
| Compounds derived from aldehydes and ketones that contain an alkoxy and a hydroxy group on the same carbon atom | Hemiacetals and hemiketals |
| So unstable that they cannot be isolated | Hemiacetals and hemiketals |
| Compounds that have two alkoxy groups on the same carbon atom | Acetals and ketals |
| Acetals and ketals are stable in _________ solutions but are unstable in _______ solutions | Alkaline & acid |
| If the alcohol and carbonyl groups are within the same molecule, the result is the formation of a _______________________________ | Cyclic hemiacetal (or hemiketal) |
| Provides the means by which carbohydrates link together, forming polymers. | Acetal/ketal reaction |
| This reaction is typical of carbonyl addition reactions. | Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide |
| Cyanohydrin reaction: the more positive H atom of HCN adds to the ________ of the carbonyl group | Oxygen |
| Contains an additional carbon atom. | Ketone addition product |
| The length of the carbon chain is increased by one carbon. | Aldehyde addition |
| Hydrolyses of cyanohydrins produce | Hydroxy acids |
| Acetone cyanohydrin when refluxed w/ methanol + strong acid produces | Methyl methacrylate |
| Most famous cyanohydrins from plants | Amygdalin |
| Offered as a cure for cancer | Amygdalin |