Organic Chemistry: Structure, synthesis and design
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Organic Chemistry: Structure, synthesis and design - Leaderboard
Organic Chemistry: Structure, synthesis and design - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Alkanes | -chain of carbons connected by single bonds -ane -CnH2n+2 |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Meth- | One carbon |
| NA | NA |
| Eth- | Two carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Pro- | Three carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| But- | Four carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Pent- | Five carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Hex- | Six carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Hept- | Seven carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Oct- | Eight carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Non- | Nine carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Dec- | Ten carbons |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Cycloalkanes | -CnH2n -carbon atoms forming a ring -Numbered starting at the point of greatest substitution -Prefix: Cyclo- |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Alkenes | R-C=C-R -ene -contain carbon-carbon double bonds |
| NA | NA |
| Alkynes | R-C≡C-R -yne -carbon-carbon triple bonds |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Haloalkanes | -contains halogen -F, Cl, Br, I -can also be named as alkyl halides |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Alcohol | Hydroxyl (-OH) -replace "-e" of corresponding alkane with -ol. Pre: Hydroxy- Suff: -ol |
| Carboxylic Acid | Pre: carboxy- Suff: -oic acid |
| Ester | Carboxyl group in between chain (R-C(=O)-OR') Pre: alkoxycarbonyl- Suff: -oate |
| Amide | Amino group and carbonyl group (R−C(=O)−NR′R″) Pre: amido- Suff: -amide |
| Nitrile | Nitrile (−C≡N) Pre: cyano- Suff: -nitrile |
| Aldehyde | Carbonyl at end of a chain (R-C=O) Pre: oxo- Suff: -al |
| Ketone | Carbonyl in between a chain (R−C(=O)−R') Pre: oxo- Suff: -one |
| Amine | Amino group (R-NH2) Pre: amino- Suff: -amine |
| Halide | -I, -Br, -Cl, -F Pre: halo- |
| Carboxylic Acids | Carbonyl and hydroxyl Pre: Carboxy- Suff: -oic acid |
| Stereoisomer | Isomers which have the atoms bonded to the same carbon but differ in their spatial arrangement |
| Positional Structural Isomer | When a the parent chain is the same but the position of the functional group changes |
| Chain Structural Isomer | Different branching within a carbon chain with the same molecular formula (butane and 2-methylpropane) |
| Cis Isomer | Bonded to same side of C=C Pre: Cis- |
| Trans Isomer | Bonded to opposite sides of C=C Pre: Trans- |
| Monosaccharide | Carbohydrates made up of only one sugar unit |
| Glucose | A monosaccharide that is the primary form of carbohydrate used to provide energy in the body |
| Fructose | A monosaccharide found in fruit |
| Galactose | A monosaccharide found in milk |
| Disaccharide | A carbohydrate made up of two sugar units |
| Sucrose | A disaccharide made from glucose and fructose (table sugar) |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate made up of many sugar units linked together |
| Amylose | Simplest starch that is a long unbranching chain of glucose molecules |
| Amylopectin | A branched-chain (more complex) type of starch composed of glucose units |
| Oligosaccharide | A carbohydrate made up of 3 to 10 sugar units, some of which cannot be digested |
| Resistant starch | Starch packed too tightly to be digested in GI tract |
| Soluble fiber | Fiber that dissolves in water |
| Insoluble fiber | Fiber that will not dissolve in water |
| 1,4 Alpha Bond | Chemical bond between the first carbon on one glucose to the fourth carbon on the second glucose molecule. |
| 1,6 Alpha Bond | Chemical bond between the first carbon molecule on one glucose to the sixth carbon on the second glucose molecule. |
| Beta bond | Type of chemical bond that cannot be broken by human intestinal enzymes during digestion when it is part of a long chain of glucose molecules. |
| Starch | Carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attaches together in a form the body can digest; also known as complex carbohydrate. |
| Glycogen | Carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose with a highly branched structure; sometimes known as animal starch. |
| Cellulose | Straight chain polysaccharise of glucose molecules that is indigestible because of beta bonds; part of soluble fiber. |
| Condensation | Chemical reaction in which a bond is formed between 2 molecules by the elimination of a small molecule (like water). |
| Lactose | A disaccharide that consists of the sugars glucose and galactose |
| Maltose | A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules. |
| Glycolysis | Breakdown of glucose |
| Alkene → alkane | H₂ and nickel catalyst, (reduction reaction/hydrogenation) |
| Ester → alcohol | LiAlH |
| Alkene → polyalkane | Several monomers of the alkene, high pressure, catalyst, (addition polymerisation) |
| Ester → alcohol | LiAlH |
| Alkene → dihaloalkane | Br₂, F₂ and Cl₂, room temperature, (electrophilic addition) |
| Alkene → haloalkane | HBr, HCl, HI, room temperature, (electrophilic addition) |
| Alkene → alcohol | H₂O, high temperature, H₃PO₄ catalyst, (hydration) |
| Alkane → haloalkane | UV light, heat, Br₂, Cl₂, I₂, (free radical substitution) |
| Haloalkane → amine | NH₃ in ethanol, heat under pressure (nucleophilic substitution) |
| Haloalkane → nitrile (extending the carbon chain) | KCN in ethanol, heat (nucleophilic substitution) |
| Haloalkane → alcohol | NaOH under reflux (heat) in a 50:50 ethanol to water solution (nucleophilic substitution) |
| Alcohol → ester | Carboxylic acid, concentrated H₂SO₄ and heat (esterification) |
| Secondary alcohol → ketone | H⁺/K₂Cr₂O₇, KMnO₄ reflux (heat), (oxidation) |
| Primary alcohol → aldehyde | H⁺/K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMn, distill immediately, gentle heat (oxidation) |
| Aldehyde → carboxylic acid | Excess H⁺/K₂Cr₂O₇, reflux (heat), (oxidation) |
| Carboxylic acid → ester | Alcohol and concentrated H₂SO₄ and heat, (esterification) |
| Nitrile → amine | LiAlH₄ (hydride reduction) |
| Carboxylic acid → amide | Amine (condensation) |
| Haloalkane → dihaloalkane | Br₂, Cl₂, I₂ and UV (again) (Addition) |
| Haloalkane → alkene | NaOH and heat (elimination) |
| Amine → amide | Carboxylic acid (condensation) |
| Ester → alcohol | Water and Base |
| Ester → carboxylic acid | Water and base (hydrolysis) produces alcohol too |
| Monosaccharide | Carbohydrates made up of only one sugar unit |
| Glucose | A monosaccharide that is the primary form of carbohydrate used to provide energy in the body |
| Fructose | A monosaccharide found in fruit |
| Galactose | A monosaccharide found in milk |
| Disaccharide | A carbohydrate made up of two sugar units - joined with a glycosidic bond |
| Lactose | A disaccharide that consists of the sugars glucose and galactose |
| Maltose | A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules. |
| Sucrose | A disaccharide made from glucose and fructose (table sugar) |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate made up of many sugar units linked together |