Unit 1 part 2 Biochemistry
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Unit 1 part 2 Biochemistry - Leaderboard
Unit 1 part 2 Biochemistry - Details
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198 questions
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| What are polysaccharides used for? | Energy storage, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals, or structured components like cellulose in plants |
| What are polysaccharides used for? | Energy storage, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals, or structured components like cellulose in plants |
| What is a macromolecule? | Large molecules that often have complex structures |
| What are polysaccharides used for? | Energy storage, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals, or structured components like cellulose in plants |
| What is a notable character of macromolecules? | Many are polymers |
| What are polysaccharides used for? | Energy storage, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals, or structured components like cellulose in plants |
| What are polysaccharides used for? | Energy storage, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals, or structured components like cellulose in plants |
| What does polymer mean? | A long, chain like molecule composed of many smaller molecules (monomers) linked together |
| What is a monomer? | Small molecule that when linked up together, form polymers. |
| What're the 4 major categories of molecules associated with life? | Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids |
| What are carbohydrates made of, and what ratio are they in? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, they're in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex. Glucose) |
| What are carbohydrates made up of? | Made up of simple sugar monomers |
| What are simple sugar monomers called? | Monosaccharides |
| What are 3-4 characteristics of a monosaccharide that makes it easy to identify? | All single ringed. At-least : 2 Hydroxyl groups, an aldehyde, or ketone |
| Where is glucose found? | In fruits and candies |
| Where is fructose found? | In tree fruits |
| What're the 2 minimal requirements that carbohydrates must have? | 2 hydroxyls minimum Ketone and aldehyde |
| What is a disaccharide? | 2 simple sugar units linked together |
| What're 2 examples of a disaccaride? | Sucrose and lactose Sucrose is found in table sugar and lactose in dairy |
| What is an oligosaccharide? | 3-10 sugar links together |
| How are sugar links in oligosaccharide linked together? | They're linked by covalent bondsThe hydroxyl groups on adjacent sugars react to produce a molecule of water (dehydration synthesis) and link sugars through a shared sugar |
| What is condensation/dehydration? | Builds larger molecules from smaller units while producing water |
| What are polysaccharides? | Complex carbs that provide vitamins, minerals, and fibers |
| When are polysaccharides formed? | Formed when dozens, hundreds, thousands of simple sugar units are linked |
| What are polysaccharides used for? | Energy storage, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals, or structured components like cellulose in plants |
| Relate the chemical structure of carbohydrates to their physical properties and uses | Carbohydrates are hydrocarbons that are dependent on their length, structure, and functional groups to determine their solubility. They are useful sources of structural materials and energy for living organisms |
| Why are most polysaccharides insoluble in water? | Their large size makes it hard for them to dissolve |
| What are lipids? | Class of greasy, oily or waxy compounds that are non-polar and water insoluble |
| What is the function of lipids? | Energy storage, insulation, structural components, absorption of vitamins and minerals, and hormones |
| What are the 2 major classes of lipids? | Fatty acid and fatty non-acid |
| What is the backbone of fatty acids made up of? | Carbon atoms (Up to 36) which ends in a carboxyl group (that's how you identify it) |
| What are the 2 types of fatty acids? | Saturated and unsatured |
| What are saturated fats? | Fatty acids that contain only single bonded carbons (e.g stearic acid) |
| What is the reason that saturated fats clog arteries? | Due to their linear structure, they stack ontop of one another easily and become solids are room temperature and thus clog veins |
| What are unsaturated fats? | Fatty acids that have one or more double bonded carbons (e.g oleic acid) and become liquid at room temperature |
| What are phospholipids, what out of the 2 major groups of fats do they have attached? | They are a fat, consisting of a phosphate "head" (hydrophilic) and attached to 2 fatty acid "tails" (hydrophobic) |
| What is so special about phospholipids? | They are the main component of cell membranes |
| What is the structure of triglyceride, hint look at the name? | Glycerol joined to 3 fatty acid "tails" |
| How does triglyceride form? | A condensation reaction occurs between hydroxyl groups on the glycerol and the carboxyl group on each fatty acid. |
| How can you make a series of saturated fatty acid tails become unsaturated? | If one fatty acid tail is unsaturated, the entire molecule is unsaturated even if it has more saturated tails |
| What is special about triglyceride compared to carbohydrates? | Triglyceride contains twice the stored energy as the same mass of carbohydrates |
| What are waxes? | Long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings, hydrophobic, extremely non polar and soft solids |
| What is the function of waxes? | To be water resistant and as protection ex. Wax coat on fruits, leaves, stems (cutin), grass, and beeswax |
| How are steroids formed? | Lack fatty acids, have 4 fused hydrocarbon rings |
| Why is cholesterol important? | Important structural component of cell membranes and functional groups |
| What are some other steroids? | Sex hormones (testerone, estrogen, and progesterone) |
| What is the shape of a steroid? | Steroid shape roughly |
| Compare the polarity of carbohydrates and lipids, how does their polarity relate to their physical properities? | Carbohydrates' polarity enable them to be soluble, and dissolve in water. Lipids are non-polar, making them insoluble in water, and thus very useful as cell membranes and water proofing molecules |
| Distinguish between fatty acids and a fat | Fatty acids consist of a carboxyl group at one end (giving it its acidic property) and a long hydrocarbon chain A fat is a lipid that is made up of 2 types of molecules, fatty acid, and glycerol. 3 fatty acid chains attach to the glycerol molecule |
| What happens to the acidic properties of a fatty acid when a fat is formed? | Acidic properties of fatty acids come from carboxylic acid functional groups, and this quality does not exist in fats |
| Why are steroids important, even though they tend to have a bad reputation? | Cholesterol is a steroid that is an important component of plasma membranes that surround animal cells. Plants have similar things called phytosterols that form in plant cell membranes. Cholesterol converts into a number of compounds like vitamin D. Steroids control the development of sexual traits and sex cells TLDR: Important in plasma membranes, converts into compounds like vitamin D, controls development of sexual traits and sex cells. |
| Why are cutins important for life? Where are they found? | Found in wax, and conserve water/act as a barrier to infections and diseases for some plants |
| What are amino acids composed of? | Central carbon atom linked to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and R group |
| What is another name for R group? | Side chain or variable group of atoms |
| What is the significance of an R group? | Makes one amino acid different from one another |
| How do amino acids form a protein? | By linking together |
| What are the structure and function(s) of proteins determined by? | Determined by the sequence of amino acids |
| How are amino acids joined together? | Joined together through condensation reactions between a carboxyl group and amino group |
| What is a peptide bond? | Reaction between carboxyl group and amino group |
| What are the functions of proteins? | Structural components (muscle tissue and collagen in skin) Messenger molecule (hormones) Anti-gens (used in immune response) Carrier molecules (hemoglobin carries O2) Transportation of materials (channels in cell membranes) Enzymes (catalyze biochemical reactions) SMACTE |
| What do structural proteins generally form? | Strands or sheets, others have globular shape |
| How many levels of structure do globular proteins have? | Primary (1), Secondary (2), tertiary (3), quaternary (4) |
| What is the structure of the primary structure? | Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
| How is secondary structure caused? | Caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids, and may cause polypeptide chain to develop a helical or pleated shape |
| What might secondary structure cause (in regards to a polypeptide chain)? | May cause polypeptide chain to develop a helical or pleated shape |
| What happens to the polypeptide chain because of tertiary structures? | Results in further folding of polypeptide chain to cause interactions of R-groups |
| What causes an quaternary structure to form? | Caused by interaction of 2 or more polypeptide globules overall result is a protein with a very specific 3 dimensional shape with unique surfaces and pockets |
| What are all other levels of protein structures besides the ones we mentioned a consequence of? | Consequence of primary structures |
| What are the structure and function of a protein determined by? | Determined by the sequence of amino acids |
| What do nucleic acids contain? | 5 Carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| What are the functions of nucleic acids? | -Biochemical energy carriers (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) -Encoding genetic information (DNA, RNA, mtDNA) |
| What is an example of a nucleic acid? | DNA is an example of nucleic acid |
| What is DNA made of? | DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, and contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of 4 nitrogen bases |
| What are the 4 nitrogen bases? | -Guanine (G) -Adenine (A) -Cytosine (C) -Thymine (T) |
| What is the structure of Adenine and Guanine? | Double ringed structure (purines) |
| What is the structure of cytosine and thymine? | A single ring (pyrimidines) |
| What is a purine(s)? | Double ringed structure |
| What are pyrimidine(s)? | Single ringed structure |
| What is the normal shape of DNA? | Double-stranded and twisted into a helix |
| How does DNA get it's double stranded and twisted helix shape? | By the double rings attaching to a single ring using hydrogen bonds |
| What is the sequence of bases made of? | Genetic code (Ie ATGAC) |
| What is another example of nucleic acids? | RNA which is a polymer of nucleotides |
| What are RNA made up of? | Sugar ribose, a phosphate group, and one of 4 nitrogenous bases: Guanine(G) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Thymine is replaced by uracil (U) |
| What nitrogenous base is found in DNA or RNA and not found in the other? | Thymine in DNA only Uracil in RNA only |
| What is the structure of RNA? | Normally single stranded |
| What are the 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis? | Messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), and ribosomal (rRNA) |
| What is the role of the sugar and phosphate groups in the structure of nucleic acids? | Phosphate groups bridge one nucleotide to another between the 5 carbon ring sugar and the 3 carbon ring sugar. Forming the backbone of nucleic acid chain |
| Explain the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA? | Similarities: Consist of chains of nucleotides, and have a similar compound make up, 3/4 same nitrogenous bases Differences: DNA is almost always found in a long helix shape RNA takes a variety of forms Each nucleotide in a DNA chain contains a deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of 4 bases: ATGC Each nucleotide in an RNA chain contains a ribose, a phosphate and one of the 4 bases: AUGC DNA stores the hereditary information that is responsible for inheriting traits in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and in viruses RNA is the hereditary molecule of some viruses |
| How does the function of nucleic acids differ from that of other types of macromolecules? | Nucleic acids serve many functions, and are an important molecule, necessary for the production of protein in cells. Carries genetic information and has assembly instructions for all proteins in living organisms TLDR it is necessary molecule for proteins production in cells carries genetic info has assembly instructions for all proteins in living organisms |
| What is an example of a monosaccharide? | Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose |