| what are the 8 characteristics of living organisms? | cell composition, order, stimuli response, homeostasis, reproduction ,dynamic metabolism, heredity, evolution. |
| state atmospheric & hydrothermal theories ? | atmospheric (sun+lightning) and hydrothermal (vents on ocean floor with no sunlight ) transform prebiotic molecules too biomolecules. |
| what do enzymes do ? what are their parts ? what is their role in the rate of reactions? | they catalyze reactions (speed up) parts (substrate, active site) they become the enzyme substrate complex. enzymes decrease activation energy thus increasing the rate of a reaction. |
| the nucleus (nuclear envelope) function ? | stores and protects DNA, controls nuclear transport |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function? | studded with ribosomes ,modifies and help proteins fold |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function? | detoxifies the cell, makes carb /lipids |
| the golgi apparatus function ? | modifies proteins/ lipids to ship to final location. |
| vesicles ( lysomes ) function? | membrane bubbles that digest or breakdown and recycle chemicals using enzymes. |
| what are the ribosomes in procaryotes and eukaryotes with their subunits? | eukaryotes 80s (60s and 40s) , procaryotes 70s (50s and 30s) |
| what are functional groups ? | molecules abundant biomolecules and are usually reactive |
| what does each biomolecule contain (functional group)? | amino acids (amino group, carboxyl), carb (hydroxyl group , ether) ,lipids (methyl groups), nucleotide (phosphatediether) |
| what as the essential/abundant element of life (most mass, ions) | most of the mass ( C,H,N,P,S,O) ions (Na,Ca,Cl,Mg,K) |
| what's the difference between configuration and conformation? | configuration is the fixed 3D arrangement (can only be changed if bonds are broken ) , conformation potential fixable 3D arrangement. |
| what is entropy? | its a property of thermodynamics that measures of randomness of a system |
| what's an open system? | is when the system exchanges mass and energy with its surroundings |
| what is gibbs free energy ? | its energy in a system that is able to do work. |
| gibs energy general formula? | change G= change H(enthalpy) -T(K) change S(entropy) |
| what are exergonic ,endergonic and endothermic , exothermic reactions? | exergonic reactions (release energy ) -G and endergonic reactions (absorb energy) +G. endothermic reactions absorb energy as heat and exothermic reactions release energy as heat. |
| what is the Keq equation ? | Keq=P/R |
| what is the formula for standard conditions (change G)? | change G(standard) =-RTln(Keq) R=8.315j/molxK |
| what is the formula for physiological conditions (change G) | change G=change G(standard) + RTln(Q) |
| what's the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? | autotrophs prepare their own food by photosynthesis , while heterotrophs can't make their own food so they depend on autotrophs. |
| what are chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs? | chemoautotrophs use inorganic compounds to synthesis energy using CO2, and chemoheterotroph use organic compounds to synthesis energy. |
| what are photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs? | photoautotrophs uses light as an energy souse and obtains inorganic carbon CO2. photoheterotrophs uses light as an energy souse and obtained organic compounds from other organisms. |
| what are closed systems , open systems and isolated system? | an open system exchanges energy and matter with surroundings, a closed system exchanges energy and but not matter with surroundings, an isolated system does not exchange energy nor matter with surroundings. |
| how do endothermic reactions become exergonic ? | Only at temperatures T yielding an entropic contribution T⋅ΔRS>ΔRH |
| what's the reason for stereo specificity ? | because each stereoisomeric reactants, behaves in its own specific way and reacts differently. |
| what are the benefits of drawbacks of mutations? | the benefits are that you will not get diseases such as (cancer , diabetes and asthma). and their benifits is that they will get get new capabilities that will aid them in survival. |
| what's the endosymbiotic theory? | its that the mitochondria and chloroplast were once independent aerobic living organisms (bacteria) that were engulfed by an anaerobic host cell. this is suggest ed because they have genetic material , and their ribosomes are 70s like that of bacteria. |
| what are homologs , orthologs , and paralogs? | they are gene homologs (similar genes) , paralogs are from (same species) , oethologs are from (different species) |
| what's the theory of biogenesis ? and what is it missing? | is the theory that living things come from other living things by reproduction, he did that by boiling meat broth that then fogged up and then maggots or bacteria grew on the meat proving his theory right. but it did not explain how the first living organisms arose. |
| what's oparin,ury theory experiment? what are coacervates ? | this experiment abiotic formation of organic compounds through chemical under primitive atmospheric conditions, that eventually transformed into biological macromolecules. a coacervates is a fluid phase that is rich in macromolecules , its like a synthetic polymer . |
| why is the activation barrier important in enzymatic driven reactions? | because activation energy constitutes a barrier for the reaction progress limiting and Enzymes reduce activation energy increasing the rate of reaction. |
| what is anabolism and catabolism ? | Anabolism creates molecules by using energy, Catabolism breaks down complex molecules and releases energy. |
| what is the difference between enantiomers and diastereomers ? | Enantiomers contain chiral centers that are non-superimposable & mirror images. Diastereomers contain chiral centers are non-superimposable but are NOT mirror images. |
| what are anomers? | Anomers are cyclic monosaccharides that are epimers, differing from each other in the configuration of C-1 . |
| what are cis-trans isomers ? | cis isomers are when both atoms are at the same side of the double bond and trans is when they are at opposite sides. |
| what are geometric isomers? | geometric isomers are two or more compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms, the same connectivity but with different spatial arrangements of the atoms. |
