| Anatomy-study of structure
Physiology-study of function | What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? |
| Subatomic particle, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism | What are the levels of organization? |
| protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells | Subatomic Particle |
| tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon) | Atom |
| particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose) | Molecule |
| large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein) | Macromolecule |
| functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome) | Organelle |
| basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell) | Cell |
| layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue) | Tissue |
| group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, and stomach) | Organ |
| group of organs with common function (digestive system) | Organ System |
| composed of organ systems interacting (human) | Organism |
| movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, and excretion | What are the characteristics of life? |
| change of the position of the body or body part | Characteristic of life-movement |
| reaction to a change inside or outside of the body | Characteristic of life-responsiveness |
| increase in body size without change of shape | Characteristic of life-growth |
| production of new organisms and new cells | Characteristic of life-reproduction |
| obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods | Characteristic of life-respiration |
| breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used | Characteristic of life-digestion |
| passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids | Characteristic of life-absorption |
| movement of substances in body fluids | Characteristic of life-circulation |
| changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms | Characteristic of life-assimilation |
| removal of wastes produces by metabolic reactions | Characteristic of life-excretion |
| water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure | What are the requirements of life? |
| regulation of body temperature | Why is water important? |
| provides necessary nutrients and provides energy | Why is food important? |
| used to release energy from nutrients | Why is oxygen important? |
| maintain body temperature and controls rate of metabolic reations | Why is heat important? |
| atmospheric pressure-breathing
hydrostatic pressure-keeps blood flowing | Why is pressure important? |
| maintenance of a stable internal environment | Homeostasis |
| self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed | What is a homeostatic mechanism? |
| anything that takes up space and has mass | Matter |
| simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties | Element |
| smallest particles of an element that has properties of that element | Atom |
| Atom | What is the basic unit of matter? |
| Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons | What is the structure of an atom? |
| central part of an atom-contains protons and neutrons-electrons move around the nucleus | Nucleus |
| carries a single positive charge | Proton |
| carries no electric charge | Neutron |
| carries a single negative charge | Electron |
| strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons | What is a covalent bond? |
| formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom | What is an ionic bond? |
| a weak attraction between the slightly positive (H) end of one polar molecule and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar molecule | What is a hydrogen bond? |
| more complex chemical structure is formed A+B-AB | Synthesis Reaction |
| chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure AB-A+B | Decomposition Reaction |
| chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed AB+CD-AD+CB | Exchange Reaction |
| the products can change back to the reactants A+B<->AB | Reversible Reaction |
| the starting materials of a chemical reaction; the atoms, ions, or molecules | What is a reactant? |
| substances formed at the end of a chemical reaction | What is a product? |
| chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not permanently altered by the reaction | Catalyst |
| the charged ions are attracted to the slightly charged ends of the polar water molecules-electrolyte is produced | What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water? |
| a pH of <7; greater concentration H+ than OH- | What is an acid? |
| a pH of >7; higher concentration of OH- than H+ | What is a base? |
| indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution | What is the pH scale? |
| organic contains C and H and inorganic does not | What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? |
| anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the equivalent of a water molecule | Dehydration synthesis |
| enzymatically adding parts of a water molecule to split a bond | Hydrolysis |
| organic compound consisting of 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, and 1 oxygen | What are carbohydrates? |
| group of organic compounds that includes triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, and steroids | What are lipids? |
| nitrogen-containing organic compound composed of many bonded amino acid molecules | What are proteins? |
| a molecule that is composed of bonded nucleotides; RNA or DNA | What are nucleic acids? |
| consist of 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids; used for cellular energy | Triglyceride molecule |
| consist of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate; major component of cell membrane | Phospholipid molecule |
| 4 connected rings of carbon; component of cell membranes, synthesizes adrenal and sex hormones; cholesterol is the main steroid | Steroid molecule |
| organic compound that includes an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a structural unit of a protein molecule | What is an amino acid? |
| protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction | What are enzymes? |
| DNA contains deoxyribose-RNA contains ribose; DNA has a double helix-RNA is a single strand | What is the difference between DNA and RNA? |
| outer boundary of the cell; maintains integrity of the cell; regulates entry and exit of substances | Describe the cell membrane? |
| dense core of an atom; composed of protons and neutrons | Describe the nucleus? |
| consists of networks of membranes and organelles suspended in cytosol; contains the cytoskeleton | Describe the cytoplasm? |
| fluid portion of the cytoplasm | What is cytosol? |
| tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell | Organelles |
| structural support; link amino acids in protein synthesis | Function of ribosomes? |
| lipid synthesis | Function of smooth er? |
| protein synthesis | Function of rough er? |
| refines, packages, and delivers proteins made on the rough er | Function of golgi apparatus? |
| house chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients; "power house" of the cell | Function of mitochondria? |
| digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, and worn out cell parts; "garbage disposal" of cells | Functions of lysosome? |
| digest lipids, alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide | Function of peroxisome? |
| produce spindle fibers during cell division, which distribute chromosomes to form daughter cells | Function of centrosome? |
| propel mucus in respiratory tract, propel egg towards uterus | Function of cilia? |
| causes the entire cell to move; motile extension | Function of flagella? |
| store or transport substances | Funtion of vesicle? |
| seperates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm | Function of nuclear envelope? |
| allows passage of certain substances through pores | Function of nuclear pores? |
| produces ribosomes | Function of nucleolus? |
| stores information for protein synthesis | Function of chromatin? |
| movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration | Define diffusion |
| movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration | define osmosis |
| diffusion across the cell membrane through ion channels or transporters | define facilitated diffusion |
| process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure | define filtration |
| movement of substances across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration (against the concentration gradient) | define active transport |
| movement of substances into the cell inside of a vesicle | define endocytosis |
| release of substances/particles from the cell | define exocytosis |
| quickly transports substances from one end of the cell to another | define transcytosis |
| Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis | What processes requires energy (ATP)? |
| has no net gain or loss of water | What is an isotonic solution? |
| lower osmotic pressure cells, gain water | What is a hypotonic solution? |
| higher osmotic pressure cells; lose water | What is a hypertonic solution? |
| cell grows and maintains normal function; cell replicates DNA for mitosis; cell synthesizes organelles for cytokenesis | describe interphase |
| chromatin condences to form chromosomes; | describe prophase? |
| spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromosomes and align them midway between centrioles | define metaphase? |
| chromosomes seperate and move in opposite directions toward centerioles | define anaphase? |
| chromosomes return to chromatin form | define telophase? |
| provides materials for maintenance, cellular growth, and repair. requires ATP | What is anabolism? |
| breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones and produces ATP | What is catabolism? |
| protein catalysts; speeds up chemical reactions and lowers the activation energy used to produce the chemical reactions | What is an enzyme? |
| where substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction | What is the active site on an enzyme? |
| inactivation of an enzyme due to an irreversible change in its conformation | Define denaturation |
| adenosine triphosphate; carries energy in the form a cell can use; | What is ATP |
| second and third phosphates are attached by high-energy bonds | How is ATP made? |
| requires oxygen and makes most of ATP | what is aerobic respiration? |
