| Inorganic substances that are needed in small amounts compared to vitamins,
which are also obtained via dietary intake. | MINERALS |
| Needed in large quantities. Amounts ranging from 30 grams to 1.2
kilograms can be found in the human body. Can be further subdivided into metal and
non-metal major minerals. | MAJOR MINERALS |
| Required in minute amounts. Amounts ranging from 0.02 grams to
2.6 grams | TRACE MINERALS |
| CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, SULFUR, CHLORIDE, SODIUM,
MAGNESIUM. | MAJOR MINERALS |
| The most abundant metal mineral in the human body with an approximate mass of
1.2 kilograms. | CALCIUM |
| 1. Essential for muscle contraction, particularly myocardial contraction.
2. Structural function in the bones in the form of hydroxyapatite.
3. Involved in blood coagulation.
4. Functions as an electrolyte.
5. Supports the synthesis and function of blood cells. | FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM |
| STATE THE REGULATED SUBSTANCE OF CALCIUM | calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. |
| increases blood Ca2+ via bone resorption. | CALCITONIN |
| PTH and vit. D | decreases
blood Ca2+ via bone reabsorption. |
| Second most abundant metal mineral of the human body with an approximate
mass of 230 grams. It is the major intracellular cation. | POTASSIUM |
| STATE THE FUNCTIONS OF POTASSIUM | 1. Propagation of action potential in neural and muscular tissue.
2. Involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.
3. Acid-base homeostasis.
4. Glucose and insulin metabolism. |
| Excess potassium is excreted in the urine with the influence of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by exchanging potassium with sodium. | ALDOSTERONE |
| Storage of potassium in the liver and muscles by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | INSULIN |
| in potassium is usually rare since cells can readily “pump”
out potassium. | DECREASE |
| Second most abundant non-metal mineral in the body with an approximate mass
of 160 grams. | SULFUR |
| STATE THE FUNCTION OF SULFUR | 1. Constitutes methionine, an essential amino acid.
2. Constitutes the B vitamins: biotin and thiamine.
3. Formation of disulfide bonds in protein assembly and structure.
4. Constitutes the reduced form of glutathione, a well-known antioxidant. |
| The major extracellular anion. Has an approximate mass of 100 grams in the
human body. | CHLORIDE |
| STATE THE FUNCTIONS OF CHLORIDE | 1. Regulation of osmotic pressure.
2. Regulation of electrolyte balance.
3. Involvement in acid-base homeostasis.
4. Role in transmitting action potential in neural and muscle tissues. |
| In exchange with potassium, the hormone (what is the name of that hormone) promote reabsorption of
sodium along with chloride in cases of deficiency. | ALDOSTERONE |
| excess in(WHAT MINERAL) usually
involves excess in (ANOTHER MINERAL) both passively excreted in the urine. | CHLORIDE AND SODIUM |
| Major extracellular cation. Has an approximate mass of 100 grams in the human body. | SODIUM |
| STATE THE FUNCTION OF SODIUM | 1. Regulates blood volume, and blood pressure.
2. Regulates osmotic equilibrium.
3. Involved in acid-base homeostasis. |
| In exchange with potassium, the hormone promote reabsorption of sodium along with chloride in cases of deficiency. | ALDOSTERONE |
| Since water levels is directly
proportional with sodium, the (WHAT HORMONE?) also promote sodium
retention. | anti-diuretic hormone |
| Second most abundant intracellular cation with an approximate mass of 30 grams in the human body. | MAGNESIUM |
| Interacts with phosphate in the formation of | DNA AND RNA |
| STATE THE #2 FUNCTION OF MAGNESIUM | 2. Activator of enzymes that catalyzes ATP synthesis, and DNA synthesis. |
| Regulated by the kidneys via reabsorption in cases of deficiency, and excretion in cases of excess. | MAGNESIUM |
| STATE THE TRACE MINERALS | IRON, ZINC, COPPER, MANGANESE, IODINE, SELENIUM |
| The most important trace element in the human body with an approximate mass of 2.6 grams. | IRON |
| 1. Constitutes oxygen-binding metalloproteins of muscle tissues (myoglobin) and
blood (hemoglobin).
2. Constitutes enzymes such as cytochrome and catalase. | FUNCTIONS OF IRON |
| The human body conserves iron by recycling | heme proteins. (IRON) |
| Iron can also be stored in the body in the form of ? | ferritin and hemosiderin |
| WHAT DO YOU CALL THE TRANSPORT PROTEIN FOR IRON? | transferrin. |
| Has an approximate mass of 2.2 grams in the human body. | ZINC |
| STATE THE FUNCTIONS OF ZINC | Functions include:
1. Necessary for most enzyme functions that are involved in transcription.
2. Key factor in prostate gland function and reproductive organ growth.
3. Regulates apoptosis. |
| major zinc homeostasis of the organ is
the (WHAT ORGAN?) mainly absorption from dietary sources. | INTESTINE |
| Has an approximate mass of 100 mg in the human body. | COPPER |
| STATE THE FUNCTION OF COPPER | 1. Involved in the electron transport chain.
2. Involved in anti-oxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase. |
| Excess copper in the liver is excreted in? | BILE |
| SPECIAL PROTEIN CALLED? IT IS KNOWN AS A CARRIER OF COPPER IN BLOOD | ceruloplasmin |
| Copper is absorbed in the
intestines from dietary sources. Copper from bile is not reabsorbed by the
intestine. | ZINC (ADDITIONAL IDEA) |
| Has an approximate mass of 20 mg in the human body. | MANGANESE, IODINE AND SELENIUM |
| STATE ONE FUNCTION OF MANGANESE | Enzyme activator involved in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and
antioxidative functions. |
| Stored primarily in the bones, but can also be stored in the liver and kidneys. | MANGANESE |
| STATE ONE FUNCTION OF IODINE | 1. Synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. |
| STATE THE TWO FUNCTION OF SELENIUM | 1. An activator of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases.
2. Involved in synthesis of thyroid hormones. |
