| oral contraceptive drugs, or birth control pills are otherwise known as | OCPs or BCPs |
| oral contraceptive drugs contain a combination of: | estrogen and progestins |
| FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is secreted by the: | anterior pituitary gland |
| LH (luteinizing hormone) | causes follicle to rupture and release mature ovum |
| monophasic oral contraceptive drugs | have 1 phase: fixed dose of a progestins drug and fixed dose of an estrogen drug in one tablet. |
| phase 1 of biphasic oral contraceptives: | fixed doses of both progestins and estrogen drugs. |
| In phases 2 and 3 of triphasic contraceptives, the levels of progestin and estrogen: | vary, going up or down or staying the same from one phase to the next. |
| In triphasic oral contraceptives, the length of phases: | can vary from 5 days to 21 days |
| four-phasic oral contraceptives: | have phases that vary in length of time and in the dosage of different drugs contained in the drugs. |
| NuvaRing and Ortho Evra are hormone contraceptives with | fixed daily doses of a progestins drug and an estrogen drug, not given orally. |
| Progestins-only contraceptives | are slightly less effective, but they decrease the risk of blood clots. |
| suppresses the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland | progestins and estrogen drugs |
| serious adverse effects of oral contraceptives include: | blood clots, stroke, and heart attack |
| this drug contributes toward increased risks for blood clots, stroke, and heart attack | estrogen |
| A 21-day pill pack of a monophasic oral contraceptive contains _________ hormone tablets. | 21 |
| A 28-day pill pack of a monophasic oral contraceptive contains __________ hormone tablets and _________ inert sugar pills. | 21, 7 |
| The change from taking hormone drugs to taking sugar tablets triggers: | the onset of menstruation. |
| Yasmin is a ___________ oral contraceptive. | monophasic |
| The first oral contraceptive drug that eliminates menstrual periods. | Lybrel |
| The only oral contraceptive drug approved by the FDA to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder | YAZ |
| 2 biphasic oral contraceptive drugs. | LoSeasonique and Seasonique |
| Patients who take ________ or __________ only have menstrual periods 4 times a year. | LoSeasonique, Seasonique |
| Triphasic drug Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 reflects: | the number of days in each phase |
| Also used to treat moderate acne vulgaris | Tri-Cyclen |
| 2 brand name four-phasic oral contraceptives | Natazia and Quartette |
| Many of the trade names of this kind of contraceptive drug are women's names. | Progestins-only contraceptives |
| These progestins-only contraceptives are in the form of implants under the skin. | Implanon, Nexplanon (generic: etonogestrel) |
| This progestin-only contraceptive is in the form of a T-shaped device inserted into the uterus. | Mirena (levonorgestrol) |
| These oral progestins-only contraceptives are taken after sex to prevent pregnancy. | Plan B, Plan B One-Step, Ella (ulipristal) |
| St. John's wort (an herb taken for depression) causes hormone levels to _____________, which _________ chance of pregnancy for patients taking oral contraceptives. | decrease, increases |
| Ovulation-stimulating drugs work by stimulating a _________ ovary to develop many follicles and release several _______ ova. | non-ovulating, mature |
| Ovulation-stimulating drugs are appropriate for patients with | anovulation, polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal imbalance |
| Ovulation-stimulating drugs are not appropriate for patients with infertility due to | blocked uterine tubes, or problems that require surgical intervention. |
| Some ovulation-stimulating drugs work by | inhibiting secretion of FSH and LH to prevent premature surging of hormones during ovulation |
| Some ovulation-stimulating drugs work by acting like the drug: | human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
| This hormone keeps the endometrium thickened and ready for a fertilized ovum to be implanted. | human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
| Some ovulation-stimulating drugs work by stimulating the _________ gland to secrete FSH and LH. | anterior pituitary |
| These ovulation-stimulating drugs are made using recombinant DNA technology. | follitropin alfa and follitropin beta |
| This ovulation-stimulating drug is made from the urine of postmenopausal women. | Urofollitropin |
| These progesterone drugs prepare the endometrium to receive fertilized ova. | Crinone and Prochieve |
| These drugs are used to stimulate ovulation in women with polycystic ovaries. | Glucophage and Avandia |
| Glucophage and Avandia are more commonly used to treat | Type II diabetes |
| These subcutaneous drugs are used to decrease excessive amounts of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in patients taking ovulation-stimulating drugs. | Cetrotide (cetrorelix) and ganirelix |
| Pregnant women may be given drugs to treat: | chronic diseases or acute infections (to protect health of the mother and fetus) |
| These drugs are routinely prescribed to pregnant women. | prenatal vitamins, iron, and folic acid. |
| Folic acid decreases the incidence of this kind of birth defect | neural tube (spina bifida, myelomeningocele) |
| Drug used in West Germany to treat morning sickness, but caused severe birth defects | Thalidomide |
| The FDA has ____ categories to indicate that a drug may cause birth defects. | 5 |
| Uterine-relaxing drugs are used to treat | preterm labor contractions |
| Uterine-relaxing drugs are also known as | tocolytic drugs |
| terbutaline (a bronchodilator) can also be used to | prevent seizures caused by eclampsia. |
| magnesium sulfate is also used to | prevent and treat seizures caused by eclampsia |
| The condition where uterine contractions are too weak to deliver a baby is known as | uterine inertia |
| This type of drug is given to increase the strength of uterine contractions. | uterine stimulant |
| This hormone is causes the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract. | oxytocin |
| The drug oxytocin works by | increasing frequency and strength of uterine contractions |
| Labor consists of uterine contractions and | dilation and thinning (defacement) of the cervix |
| This neurotransmitter secreted by the placenta causes the cervix to widen and thin during labor | prostaglandins |
| The process of the cervix dilating and thinning is also known as | cervical ripening |
| This gel is applied to the cervix to cause it to dilate and thin | dinoprostone |
| This drug is taken orally to cause cervical dilation and thinning. | misoprostol |
| This product made from Japanese seaweed is placed in the cervical canal to cause gradual dilation. | Laminaria |
| drugs given to treat labor pains are only administered in these 2 ways | subcutaneously or intravenously |
| postpartum bleeding is caused by | abnormal uterine muscle relaxation |
| Drugs used to stimulate uterine muscle contraction (to treat postpartum bleeding) include | Hemabate, Pitocin, Ergotrate, and Methergine |
| Endometriosis is a condition where | endometrial tissue travels through the uterine tubes and implants outside of the uterus (on ovaries, abdominal organs, walls of pelvic cavity, etc.) |
| This condition occurs when endometrial tissue is forced upward through uterine tubes, instead of being pushed downward through the cervix. | endometriosis |
| Hormone drugs can be used to treat endometriosis by | suppressing the menstrual cycle for several months (allowing time for endometrial implants to shrink and disappear) |
| Danazol, used to treat endometriosis, is also used to treat | fibrocycstic breast disease |
| Goserelin is used to treat endometriosis and | breast and prostate cancer (it is a chemotherapy drug) |
| dysmenorrhea is caused by a(n) _____________ in prostaglandins that causes the uterus to contract painfully. | increase |
| These 2 types of drugs can be used to treat painful menstrual cramps | NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors |
| PMS is characterized by dysmenorrhea, breast tenderness, bloating, and | mild mood changes |
| Midol PMS is a combination drug that contains | an analgesic drug, diuretic drug, and sedative drug |
| PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder) includes symptoms of PMS as well as | severe depression |
| PMDD is considered a _________ disorder | psychiatric |
| The term for absence of menstruation is | amenorrhea |
| the term for an abnormally heavy menstruation cycle is | menorrhagia |
| Both amenorrhea and menorrhagia are treated with this type of drug | progestins drug |
| Vaginal yeast infections are caused by the bacteria | Candida albicans |
| Vaginal yeast infections are also known as | Candidiasis |
| The ending -___________ is common to generic antiyeast drugs used to treat yeast infections. | -azole |
| Gynazole and AVC are ___________ drugs used to treat ___________. | antiyeast, vaginal yeast infections |
| This type of drug, as well asantiyeast drugs, is used to treat yeast infections. | antifungal drugs |
| The generic name for the trade name drugs Monistat 3 and Monistat 7 is | miconazole |
| The generic name for Monistat 1 is | tioconazole |
| This drug is stronger than the drugs Monistat 3 and Monistat 7 | Monistat 1 (tioconazole, which is only taken for one day of treatment) |
| Antiyeast drugs can be administered in these ways | orally, topically (creams or ointments), or as vaginal suppositories |
| Gyne-Lotrimin 3, Gyne-Lotrimin 7, and Mycelex 7 are all drugs used to treat | yeast infections. |
| Nystatin (used to treat yeast infections) is also administered orally to treat | yeast infections of the mouth and/or throat |
| 3 types of bacteria that cause bacterial vaginal infections include | Haemophilus, Gardnerella, and Corynebacterium |
| Tinidazole is a _________ drug used to treat _________. | antiprotozoal drug, bacterial vaginal infections |
| Cleocin, MetroGel-Vaginal, and Tindamax are all used to treat | bacterial vaginal infections |
| Genital warts are also known as | condylomata acuminata |
| The bacteria that causes gonorrhea and syphilis are both gram- _________. | negative |
| Syphilis is caused by the bacteria | Treponema pallidum |
| These 2 types of antibiotic drugs are used to treat syphilis | penicillins and tetracyclines |
| "the magic bullet" refers to a drug that was developed to cure | syphilis |
| Painful urination and a thin vaginal discharge are symptoms of this STD | chlamydia |
| Fever, night sweats, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, and diarrhea are all symptoms of this STD | HIV |
| CD4 lymphocytes are also known as | helper T-cells |
| CD8 lymphocytes are also known as | suppressor T-cells |
| The HIV virus invades and kills ___________, which upsets the balance in the immune system. | helper T-cells |
| This category of drug is used to treat HIV | antiretroviral drugs |
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 is also known as | genital herpes |
| Genital or venereal warts are caused by | the human papillomavirus |
| This type of drug is used to treat genital warts | antiviral drugs |
| Greenish-yellow, frothy vaginal discharge with foul odor is a symptom of this STD | Trichomoniasis |
| This oral antiprotozoal drug is used to treat trichomoniasis | tinidazole |
| menopause is characterized by a _________ in the amount of estradiol and progesterone secreted by the ovaries. | decreasing |
| HRT is an abbreviation for | hormone replacement therapy |
| Long-term use of HRT can reduce the risk of | osteoporosis, and can keep blood cholesterol levels low |
| Most doctors recommend ________-term use of HRT in younger women who are experiencing severe menopausal symptoms. | short |
| Premarin, Menest, and Ogen are all ___________ drugs used to treat symptoms of menopause. | estrogen HRT |
| Climara, Estraderm, and Vivelle are all _________ drugs used to treat symptoms of menopause. | estrogen HRT |
| Premarin is made from | pregnant mares' urine |
| climacteric refers to | the physiologic and psychological changes that occur in menopause |
| Climara Pro and CombiPatch (used to treat menopause) can be administered as | a transdermal patch |
| the hrt in Femhrt refers to | hormone replacement therapy |
| Brisdelle (paroxetine) is a(n) __________________ drug that is also used to treat hot flashes. | antidepressant |
| Remifemin is an OTC drug used to treat menopause and it contains | the herb black cohosh |
| Remifemin does not have increased risks of blood clots, stroke, or heart attack because it does not contain | estradiol |
| Osphena is a(n) ________________ drug used to treat painful intercourse for women who are going through menopause. | estrogen agonist/antagonist |
