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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
the peripheral nervous system involves two pathways what are they?somatic and autonomic pathways
the somatic nervous system involves?it involves skeletal muscles and reflex arc is also part of the somatic nervous system
what does the autonomic nervous system involvethe autonomic nervous system involves smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
the autonomic nervous system has 2 sub divisions what are theysympathetic and parasympathetic
function of the sympathetic sub divisionthe function of the sympathetic nervous system is a response to stimulate the body’s stress response to a threat, a dangerous or stressful situation Protects against an immediate threat by providing the body with the energy needed to cope with any stressful situation
function of the parasympathetic sub divisionthe function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to Attempts to conserve / save energy for the body after the threat has passed Maintains & conserves energy levels for the body after the threat is passed
what pathway does the sympathetic nervous system usethe pathway the sympathetic nervous system uses is the adrenegic pathway and the neurotransmitter that is used is norepinephrine/epinephrine and sometimes ACH and the receptor is defined adrenergic (alpha and beta)
what pathway does the parasympathetic nervous system usethe pathway the parasympathetic nervous system uses is the cholinergic pathway and the neurotransmitter that is used is ACH (acetylcholine) and the receptor is defined as cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic)
explain the adrenergic pathway in terms of pre and post ganglionsthe adrenergic pathway has a short preganglion neuron and long post, this is because it wants to get the signal as fast a possible to the effector cell
explain the cholinergic pathway in terms of pre and post ganglionsthe cholinergic pathway has a long preganglionic neruon and short postganglionic neuron because it is restoring the balance to the body
how does the reflex arc workinvolve 5 basic parts, receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons and effectors an example when you touch a hot stove your receptors in your skin detect this and the sensory neurons carry an impulse to the spinal cord an interneuron in the spinal cord connects a sensory neuron to a motor neuron the motor neuron then carries the message to the effector causing a action to take place in this case moving your finger of the hot stove.
why do you move your hand away before you feel the pain during a reflexthis is because the impulse has to travel a shorter distance to the effector compared to from the receptor to the brain
what is the purpose of a reflexthe purpose of most reflexes is to protect the body from harmful events that require immediate action
what is a reflexa reflex is a rapid, unlearned, involuntary (autonomic) response to a stimulus (change in the environment)
why are higher brain centers not involved in making a reflex responseinvolving higher brain regions would take too long, potentially exposing the body to risks
explain conscious sensationconscious sensation include sensatipns such as touch, temperature, pressure and pain
how is pain felt in terms of neuronsafter your hand has moved from of the hot stove during the interneuron process two things happen in the spinal cord, one interneuron carries an impulse to the effector to make a reflex occur and another interneuron carries an impulse to the sensory cortex of the cerebrum to feel pain
explain when you touch a hot stove it take longer to feel the pain than it does your hand to automatically move away.the signal is first sent to the spinal cord as a reflex, where was sensory signal has a longer distance to travel
what is voluntary movementvoluntary movement is movement you want to happen for example walking running etc, but touching a hot stove then pulling it away is involuntary but shaking it to cool it down is voluntary
explain voluntary movement in terms of brain usagethe motor cortex sends an impulse through interneurons to the cerebellum where motor activity is coordinated. then the impulses are sent to the spinal cord. interneurons in the spinal cord then to the motor neurons that control muscles involved in arm and hand movement
what part of the brain helps make voluntary movement coordinatedcerebellum is responsible for coordination
motor cortex of the cerebrum functionmotor cortex function is sending impulses through interneurons to the cerebellum where motor movement is coordinated
where are memories formed in the brainmemories are formed in the prefrontal cortex of the cerebrum
explain why actions that require involvement of the brain happen more slowly than reflexesit is a longer pathway to the brain than it is to the spinal cord, the sensory neurons is also one long neuron leading to the spinal cord whereas the pathway to the brain is a bunch of interneurons .
a patient can feel pain and can move his arm automatically moves away, but cannot voluntarily move his arm, what part of neurons are damagedthe neurons damaged is the neurons leading to the cerebellum from the motor cortex, this is because the cerebellum is involved in movement and coordination of the skeletal muscles
a patients arm automatically moves away but does not feel pain. she can voluntarily move her armthe neuron pathway damage is the sensory cortex neurons, the sensory cortex is responsible for feeling pain
a patient does not feel any pain and his arm does not move automatically but he can voluntarily move his armthe pathway that is damaged in the sensory cortex and motor neurons. the sensory neuron that is responsible for feeling pain and the motor neuron is responsible for involuntary movement of the arm during a reflex
a patients arm can move automatically but does not feel pain and cannot mover her armthe pathway that is damaged is the sensory cortex and the cerebellum sensory cortex is responsible for feeling pain and the cerebellum is responsible for coordination and movement of skeletal muscles
the sympathetic response is also known as the fight or flight response what body system does it stimulate to increase during this responsethe fight flight response increases the activity of the vigrous muscles, circulatory system, and respiratory system
the sympathetic response is also known as the fight or flight response what body system does it inhibit to conserve energy for the more essential systems to be able to run and fightthis response inhibits body systems such as digestive system, immune system and the urinary system and reproductive system
fight or flight meaningfight or flight is a response needed to prepare the body for vigorous muscle activity