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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
Bacteria transformed with plasmids are plated on growth medium containing ampicillin and X-gal. White colonies on the plate contain bacteria with a ____ plasmid, meaning the lacZ+ gene is ___recombinant; disrupted by the inserted DNA fragment
When cloning DNA into bacteria, the ____DNA sequence is inserted into a plasmid
A researcher wants to insert a DNA fragment into a plasmid. Which enzyme will join the two DNA molecules together?DNA ligase
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. ActivatorsA
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Transcription Initiation SiteF
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Proximal Promoter RegionD
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. EnhancerC
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. PromoterE
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. RNA PolymeraseB
Identify each labeled part of the following illustration of activation transcription initiation complex in eukaryotes. Coactivator Multiprotein ComplexG
In agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA molecules move towards the ____ pole because they ____positive; are negatively charged
Restriction endonucleases break ____ bonds.phosphodiester
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The figure shows the alleles present at an STR locus in two adults and four juveniles. Which of the juvenile(s) could be offspring of the adults?juveniles 2 and 4
The key elements of a PCR reaction are ____DNA with the target sequence to be amplified, a pair of primers, the four nucleoside triphosphates, and DNA polymerase
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are used to ____compare the DNA sequences between individuals by looking for changes in restriction enzyme digest patterns
In which situation would gene cloning occur?A DNA fragment is inserted into a plasmid, which is then introduced to a bacterium where the plasmid replicates.
Proteins called transcription factors are involved in ____ of transcription.the initiation stage
What is the natural function of restriction endonucleases?defense against viruses that infect bacteria
Why are numerous replication cycles – each performed at three difference temperatures – a necessary part of a PCR reaction?The initial cycles do not produce many copies of the target sequence, but since the number of molecules produced doubles with each cycle, millions of copies are produced after 20-30 cycles.
The TATA box is a key element of the ____ of most eukaryotic protein-coding genes.promoter
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Of the fragments labeled A-D, which is the smallest?C
Plasmid cloning vectors generally contain genes for which two traits?β-galactosidase enzyme production and ampicillin resistance
Which component of the PCR reaction is responsible for its specificity?the pair of DNA primers
If a restriction endonuclease cuts a linear DNA three times, how many fragments should there be after the DNA is subjected to electrophoresis through an agarose gel?4
The primary difference between individual nucleated cells in a developing zygote is the ____.differential expression of regulated genes
The poly(A) tail of an mRNA ____protects the mRNA from attack by RNA-digesting enzymes
Identify the correct steps for cloning a gene of interest, then arrange them in the correct order. 1. Transform the bacteria. 2. Incubate the DNA fragments and cut cloning vector with DNA ligase. 3. Use restriction enzymes to cut the gene of interest and the cloning vector. 4. Spread bacteria on medium containing lactose and ampicillin. 5. Spread bacteria on medium containing X-gal and ampicillin.3, 2, 1, 5
Plasmids are ____circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from chromosomal DNA
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the start codon (or initiator codon) is ____, which codes for the amino acid ____AUG; methionine
ExonAmino-acid coding sequence retained in mature mRNA
TerminatorIndicates the end of transcription in prokaryotes
Stop codonIndicates the end of translation
PromoterControl sequence ahead of a transcription unit
Start codonFirst codon read in translation
BiotechnologyAny technique applied to biological systems or living organisms to make or modify products or processes for a specific purpose
Cartagena Protocol BiosafetyAn international agreement on the safe use and handling of GMOs.
Short tandom repeatShort 2–6 bp sequences repeated in series
Recombinant DNADNA from two different sources that have been joined together into a single molecule
Restriction FragmentsThe products of restriction endonuclease action.
DNA FingerprintingUsing STR loci, this technique revealed that the source of Dolly's genomic DNA was the ewe who supplied the mammary cell
Restriction EndonucleasesBacterial enzymes that recognize and cut specific DNA sequences.
PCRThis procedure can be described as a photocopy machine for specific DNA sequences.
Genetic EngineeringDNA technology used to alter genes in a cell or organism.
agarose gel electrophoresisThis technique is used to separate DNA molecules based on their relative sizes.
TransgenicThis term is used to describe organisms that have been modified to contain genetic information from an external source