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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
definition of painPain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
what are the 4 categories of painacute, nociceptive categorised under acute, chronic and neuropathic
what is chronic painprolonged, intensity varies, lasts >6mths, associated with depression, loss of work, fatigue, anger, frustration. Management is important
what is neuropathic pain(pathophysiological) centrally generated from the central nervous system (phantom pain) or peripherally generated (neuropathies: diabetes, nerve entrapment)
what is acute painA protective mechanism A response to internal or external stimuli i.e. Acute abdominal pain or hot frying pan handle
what is nociceptive painNociceptive pain (physiological) The sensory response to noxious stimuli that implies damage or potential damage to somatic or visceral tissues Somatic: Bone & soft tissue Visceral: Organs found in GI tract & Pancreas: Can be caused by an obstruction
what are the 5 Phases of nociceptionTransduction, Conduction Transmission, perception and modulation,
what is transductiontransduction is converting the noxious stimuli into electrical energy
what is conductionwhere the electrical energy travels through the nerves
what is transmissiontransmission is when the electrical signal reaches the dorsal root of the spine which take the message to the brain
what are the three catergories of noxius stimuliMECHINICAL: Pressure, swelling, incision, tumour growth THERMAL: Burns & scalds CHEMICAL: Toxic substances
what is perceptionperception is when the electrical signal reaches the brain and pain is felt, which triggers responses and emotions
what is modulationInhibitory mechanism involving multiple sites Descending pathway Spinal cord Release of neurochemicals endogenous opiods (endorphins/encaphalin) serotonin noradrenaline
what are the 5 dimensions of painsensory, cognitive, socio-cultural, behavioural and affective
what is the sensory dimension of pain meanThe recognition of pain Consider sensory pain elements Pattern Area Intensity Nature
what is the affective dimension of pain meanRefers to emotional responses Anger, Fear, Depression, Anxiety, Laughter
what is the cognitive dimension of pain meanCognitive Refers to beliefs, attitudes, memories Age, gender and education have also been found to influence pain beliefs and coping
what is the behavioural dimension of pain meanBehavioural Refers to observable actions to express or control pain Facial expressions, Posture, change in daily activities
what is the sociocultural dimension of pain meanSociocultural Encompasses demographics, support systems, social roles and culture
assessment of painPQRSTU provoking- does anything make it worse or better quality - what the pain feels like region - where is it? localised does it feel the same anywhere else? severity - how much does it hurt? 1-10? time - when did the pain begin client understanding - what treatments have you tried?
what is the pain assessment for non verbal patientsFLACC Face - facial expression Legs - relaxed, tense or kicking Activity - moves easily, tense, aching Cry - no cry, whimpers , occasional complains, frequently complaining and cries Consolability - relaxed, needs to be distracted, difficult to comfort
older patients how do you assess painusing a number scale and asking if they feel the pain anywhere else