| 1:
Came up with the idea of Phrenology | Franz Gall |
| Idea developed by Franz Gall.
Theorized that is a part of the brain is well developed it will expand and cause the skull to bulge. These bulges indicated mental performance abilities.
Proven incorrect, generated serious focus on brain function research. | Phrenology |
| First person to study function of major sections of brain. Used ablation/extirpation on rabbits and pigeons to do so.
Asserted that the brain had specific parts dedicated to specific functions. | Pierre Flourens |
| surgically removing various parts of the brain and observing behavior consequences. | Extirpation/Ablation |
| "Father of American Psychology"
created one of the first theories responsible for the development of Functionalism. | William James |
| System of thought in psychology that studies how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments. | Functionalism |
| Aided in development of functionalism as well.
Believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functions to adapt to its environment. | John Dewey |
| Examined behavior of people with brain damage to add to understanding of psychology.
First person to demonstrate how specific brain impairments could be linked to specific brain lesions. | Paul Broca |
| First person to measure the speed of a nerve impulse.
Credited with the transition of psychology into a field of natural science. | Hermann von Helmholtz |
| First inferred the existence of synapses.
Initially thought that synaptic transmission was an electrical process, but it was later proven that it is a chemical process. | Sir Charles Sherrington |
| 1. Sensory neurons
2. Motor neurons
3. Interneurons | What are the three kinds of nerve cells in the Nervous System? |
| "afferent neurons"
Transmit info from receptors to spinal cord and brain. | Sensory Neurons |
| "efferent neurons" Transmit motor into from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands | Motor Neurons |
| Found between other neurons. Primarily located in the brain and spinal cord. | Interneurons |
| Interneurons | Which kind of nerve cells are most prevalent in the body? |
| Neural circuit that controls reflexive behavior | Reflex Arc |
| Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS) nervous systems | 2 components of NS |
| Brain and Spinal Cord | Components of the CNS |
| Autonomic and Somatic nervous systems | Components of PNS |
| Connect rest of the body to the CNS | Purpose of PNS |
| Branch of the PNS.
Only based on skeletal muscle contractions (voluntary movement) | Somatic Nervous System |
| Branch on PNS. Only based on smooth and cardiac muscle contractions (involuntary movement). | Autonomic Nervous System |
| 1. Sympathetic NS
2. Parasympathetic NS | Branches of the Autonomic NS |
| Main role is energy conservation
Rest and Digest system | Parasympathetic NS |
| Activated by stress.
Fight of Flight system | Sympathetic NS |
| Meninges | Thick Connective tissue covering brain and anchoring it to skull |
| 1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater | 3 layers of meninges from skull --> brain |
| 1. Hindbrain
2. Midbrain
3. Forebrain | 3 main subdivisions of brain |
| 1. Hindbrain
2. Midbrain | Which two subdivisions of the brain compose the brainstem |
| 3. Forebrain | Which subdivision of the brain is the LIMBIC SYSTEM found in? |
| Group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory. | LIMBIC SYSTEM |
| Cerebral Cortex | What is the most recent evolutionary development of human brain? |
| Outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres.
Associated with language processing, problem solving, impulse control, and long-term planning. | Cerebral Cortex |
| rhombencephalon | Fancy name for hindbrain |
| Where the brain meets spinal cord | Where is Hindbrain located |
| Controls:
1. Balance
2. Motor coordination
3. Breathing
4. Digestion
5. Sleeping and waking | List 3 functions of the hindbrain |
| 1. myencephalon (medulla oblongata)
2. metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) | What does rhombencephalon divide into during development? |
| Lower brain structure responsible for regulation vital functions:
1. Breathing
2. Heart rate
3. Blood pressure | What is Medulla Oblongata responsible for? |
| Contains sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla | What is pons responsible for? |
| Above the medulla | Where is the Pons located? |
| at the top of the hindbrain
Helps maintain posture, balance, and coordinate body movements. | Where is the cerebellum located and what is its function? |
| Cerebellum | Which structure's function does the consumption of alcohol impair |
| mesencephalon | Fancy name for Midbrain |
| Involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual/auditory stimuli | What is the midbrain associated with? |
| two prominent nuclei of the midbrain | Colliculi |
| Both are located in the midbrain
Superior colliculus: receives visual sensory input
Inferior colliculus: receives auditory sensory input
Both play a role in reflexive behavior | Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus location and function |
| prosencephalus | Fancy name for forebrain |
| 1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon | what does the prosencephalon (Forebrain) split into during development |
| Both are located in forebrain
telenceph: forms cerebral cortex and basal ganglia as well as limbic system
diencephalon: forms thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and pineal gland | Telencephalon and Diencephalon location and functions |
| electrically stimulating and recording brain activity. | How are cortical maps made? |
| electroencephalogram
Studies electrical activity generated by large groups of neurons | EEG full name and function |
| Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
Benign radioactive gas inhaled. Device able to detect radioactivity detects patterns of neural activity based on increases in blood flows to certain areas of the brain | rCBF full name and function |
| Blood flow to a specific part of the brain increases when that part's cognitive function is activated | Assumption made when using rCBF |
| computed tomography
many xrays of brain taken at different angles. Computer program processes images into cross-sectional sliced images of the tissue | CT full name and fucntion |
| Positron emission tomography
radioactive sugar injected and absorbed into body. Dispersion of this sugar throughout target tissue is analyzed | PET scan full name and function |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Uses a magnetic field to interact with hydrogen to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body | MRI full name and function |
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Same technique as MRI. Measures changes associated with blood flow.
useful for monitoring neural activity | fMRI full name and function |
| Forebrain | Which main subdivision of the brain forms the largest portion? |
| Located in the forebrain
sensory way station
once sensory info received, thalamus sorts and transmits them to proper area of cerebral cortex | Thalamus function and location |
| Located in forebrain.
serves homeostatic function and helps control endocrine functions and the autonomic sensory system | Hypothalamus function and location |
| 1. Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
2. Ventromedial hypothalamus ( VMH)
3. Anterior hypothalamus | Three divisions of hypothalamus |
| Hunger center.
thought to detect when body needs food/water. | Lateral hypothalamus function |
| Rat refuses to eat and drink to the point of starvation and death | What happens to lab rats when the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed? |
| "Satiety center"
Thought to provide signal to stop eating | Ventromedial hypothalamus function |
| Rats become obese. Brain can not signal them to stop eating at proper time | How does a brain lesion on the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats impact their behavior? |
| Controls sexual behavior | Anterior hypothalamus function |
| stimulated: they will mount anything
damaged: permanent inhibition of sexual activity | What happens when anterior hypothalamus stimulated or destroyed in rats? |
| 1. Posterior Pituitary
2. Pineal
3. Connecting pathways to other brain regions | What does diencephalon differentiate to create? |
| Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic system | What does telencephalon differentiate to create? |
| Coordinate muscle movement. Helps make movements smooth and keep posture steady | Basal ganglia function |
| No, it gathers information about body position and carries info to CNS.
Does not function directly through motor neurons | Does basal ganglia use motor neurons to keep movements smooth? |
| 1. Septal Nuclei
2. Amygdala
3. Hippocampus | What 3 structures compose the limbic system |
| Part of the Limbic system
One of brains primary center for pleasure. | Septal Nuclei purpose in brain |
| intensely pleasurable sensation
Addiction is strong related to this portion of brain | What is the result of mildly stimulating the Septal Nuclei? |
| Part of Limbic system
plays important role in defensive/aggressive behaviors including fear and anger | Amygdala purpose in brain |
| aggression and fear reactions severely decrease
can result in a hyper-sexual state | What is the result of damaging the amygdala? |
| Part of limbic system.
Helps consolidate information to form long term memories. Can redistribute remote memories to the cerebral cortex. | Hippocampus purpose in brain |
| Fornix | What structure allows the hippocampus to communicate with other portions of the limbic system |
| Part of HM's temporal lobe removed, including his amygdala and hippocampus to try and control epileptic seizures. After surgery, HM's intelligence was largely intact, but he could no longer form new memories. | H.M. Henry Molaison |
| Anterograde amnesia | What kind of amnesia did HM's procedure leave him with? |
| Refers to memory loss of events that occurred before the brain injury | Retrograde amnesia |
| Refers to inability to form new long term memories after brain injury occurs. | Anterograde amnesia |
