| cariogenic shock | the inability of the heart to meet the metabolic needs of the body, resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion |
| myocardial infarction | death and subsequent necrosis of the heart muscle caused by inadequate blood supply; also acute myocardial infarction. (AMI). |
| angina | chest pain that results that result when the blood supply oxygen demands exceed the hearts |
| pulmonary edema | a condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe |
| L sided heart failure | the L ventricle is not pumping effectively he this prevents your BODY from getting enough oxygen-rich blood. The blood backs up into your lungs |
| R sided heart failure | the R ventricle is not pumping blood to the lungs as well as normal. |
| pulmonary embolism | partial or full blockage of the pulmonary artery by a clot |
| pulses paradoxes | drop of greater than 10 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure during the inspiratory phase of respiration that occurs in patients with pericardial tamponade. |
| pedal edema | the accumulation of fluid in the feet and lower legs |
| abdominal aortic aneurysm | an enlarged area in the lower part of the aorta that supplies blood to the body |
| cardiac electrical pathway | travels from the sinus node to the AV node, impulses are slowed down for a very short period, then continue down the conduction pathway via the bundle of His into the ventricles |
| hypertensive emergencies | consider life/limb threats, acquire a 12 lead, secondary assessment of the chest, lungs, abdomen, neck and extremities |
| deep vein thrombosis | clot in the veins in the lower extremities |
| varicose veins | dilated superficial veins usually in the lower extremities |
| pulses alternans | alternating of the P, QRS and T waves on the ECG rhythm strip as the heart swings in a pendulum like fashion within the pericardial tissue |
| cardiac ischemia | reduced blood flow to the heart which results in the heart muscle's ability to pump blood |
| chronotropy | heart rate |
| isotropy | contractile strength of the heart |
| dromotropy | refers to rate of nerve impulse condition |
| residual volume | on contraction, a certain volume is left behind in the left ventricle that is not part of the stroke volume |
| ejection fraction | amount ejected on contraction versus total left ventricular volume |
| end systolic volume | volume pushed into the aortic arch at the end of systolic contraction |
| pulse deficit | difference between pulse that is auscultated over the heart and the peripheral pulse |
| starlings law | the relationship between contractibility of the cardiac muscle and the amount of stretch placed on that muscle |
| transmural infarction | entire thickness of the myocardium is destroyed, there is a change in the Q wave |
| subendocardial infarction | only involves the subendocardial layer, no Q wave change |
| cardiac risk factors | smoking, alcohol, inactivity, nutrition, obesity, HTN, dietary fat, BGL, coke, type A personality, stress, oral birth control |
| cardiac tamponade | fluid buildup in the pericardium |
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | short attacks of dyspnea that occur at night and interrupt sleep |
| which of the following factors would predispose a patient to acute pulmonary embolism | recent hip surgery, thrombophlebitis, arterial fibrillation, recent childbirth |
| a cerebral disorder due to hypertension and characterized by severe headache, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, seizures, and paralysis is known as | hypertensive encephalopathy |
| Scenario: Denis is experiencing substernal chest pain radiating into his jaw and right shoulder. He states that the pain has been a dull sensation over the past week since his A&P test but has steadily increased in intensity, and he now rates it as an 8 out of 10. You might also expect to which of the following common signs/symptoms | anxiety, diaphoresis, dyspnea, pallor |
| which of the following is true regarding management of the cardiac arrest patient(28:2-160) | Generally PCPs do not count pre-arrival interventions in their patient care
You can do compressions during the charge cycle of a defibrillator
Rhythm interpretations enroute require the ambulance be stopped first |
| in the patient suffering from suspected right ventricular failure, as preload rises, increased pressure is placed on the right atria. This results in: | JVD |
| the compensatory mechanism of that is active in the heart when a patient is in the first stages of heart failure is BEST described by | starlings law |
| which of the following statements regarding termination of resuscitation efforts in the field is true | the paramedic should document all therapy performed.
EMS should notify dispatch..
EMS personnel should consult with medical direction regarding termination efforts |
| which of the following electrolytes affect cardiac function? | Cl-
Ca++
K+ |
| when a patient is experiencing severe heart failure he/she will experience reduced mental status and their peripheral pulses will become unpalpable due to | decreased contractibility |
| which of the following is typical of pericarditis? | pain can last for hours and even days
often have pleuritic pain, worse on inhalation
made better by leaning forward
made worse by lying flat, twisting |
| the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction is known as: | stroke volume |
| Heather has been in yet another car accident. She has bulging neck veins, difficulty breathing, and a narrowing pulse pressure. The patient is MOST likely suffering from | cardiac tamponade |
| ________ is a progressive, degenerative disease of the arteries | atherosclerosis |
| auscultation of carotid bruits (sound of turbulent blood flow) indicates the possibility of | atherosclerosis |
| Scenario:. Jennifer wakes up in the middle of the class and starts experiencing left-sided heart failure. Which of the following would you expect to find? | pulmonary disease
hypoxia
rales |
| which of the following statements regarding severe vascular ( a broad category) occlusion disorders are true? | shock may occur
the possible embolus could travel to the brain, resulting in cerebral vascular event
ps with prior vascular emergency are prone to recurrences |
| Scenario: Katelyn is not one to complain but she has had steadily worsening chest pain for four hours. This is not normal for her. He has not had relief with her Nitro. The BEST description for this chest pain is | unstable angina |
| the ability of cardiac cells to propagate the electrical impulse from one to another is known as: | conductivity |
| which of the following are typical causes of cardiac dysrhythmia? | hypothermia
metabolic acidosis
myocardial ischemia |
| the classic signs of Right Ventricular Failure are: | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
jugular vein distension
pulmonary edema
peripheral edema
pillow orthopnea
extreme SOB with 1-2 word dyspnea
absence of pulmonary edema |
| what kind of drugs decrease BP | ACE inhibitors
diuretics
beta blockers |
| according to the Frank-Starling's Law, nitroglycerine's effects should: | decrease preload, decrease stroke volume, decrease cardiac output. |
| you detect your patient is suffering from a dissecting aortic aneurysm because he is complaining of | sudden onset of intense back pain |
| signs or symptoms of an AAA may be which of the following: | hypotension
abdominal pain |
| the most common causes of left ventricular failure are | MI
chronic hypertension
mitral valve regurgitation |
| Karri may not be the fastest runner but she does suffer from sudden (flash) pulmonary edema. Your BEST guess is that the following has occurred | pulmonary hydrostatic pressure is high
the pulmonary capillaries become permeable
left sided heart failure has occurred |
| which of the following medications found on the patient's bedside table may indicate they have a cardiac history | Diuretics
Digitalis |
| Re-Arrest: In the event a ROSC is achieved and the patient re-arrests en-route, Paramedics utilizing semi-automated defibrillators will adhere to the following sequence: | For sudden cardiac arrests that occur on scene or enroute, the patient should, in absence of unusual circumstances, be treated utilizing the full medical cardiac arrest medical directive |
| choose the best answer. Which of the following criteria is required to meet the trauma TOR standard? | HR = 0
HR >0 with the closest ED >30 min transport time away.
Pt >16 |
| Choose the best answer. Per the Cardiac Arrest Standard, if the patient has a spontaneous return of circulation (ROSC) you should do which of the following: | put the pt on a NRB @15 lpm if the patient remains apneic or respirations are inadequate
obtain VS q15 minutes immediately after ROSC
obtain VS q30 minutes if a change in patient status occurs
continue cardiac monitoring |
| As per the new STEMI Hospital Bypass Protocol, which of the following are TRUE? | In suspected cardiac ischemia cases if the initial 12-lead ECG does not demonstrate ST-segment elevation then PCPs should repeat the 12-lead ECG.
A recommended time/location for 12-lead acquisition is in the vehicle prior to leaving the scene
A recommended time/location for 12-lead acquisition is in the vehicle prior to entering the receiving facility |
