| atelectasis | complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. |
| preload | the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) prior to contraction. It is related to ventricular filling |
| partial airway obstruction | noisy breathing, coughing, choking |
| full airway obstruction | int speak or cough |
| pulse oximetry | rapid and accurate measure of oxygen saturation |
| causes of airway obstruction | tongue, foreign mater, trauma, burns, allergic reaction or infection |
| adult respiratory syndrome | form of pulmonary edema that is caused by fluid accumulation in the interstitial space within the lungs |
| emphysema | damage to the walls of the alveoli of the lung |
| chronic bronchitis | increased number of goblet cells in the respiratory tree |
| dyspnea | shortness of breath |
| simple pneumothorax | air leaks into the pleural space cause by a blunt or penetrating chest injury |
| open pneumothorax | air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung as the result of an open chest wound |
| tension pneumothorax | air is trapped in the pleural cavity under positive pressure |
| hypoxic drive | Only stimulated when the Pa02 is very low |
| flail chest | one of more ribs fractured in two or more places |
| barotrauma | injury to your body because of changes in air or water pressure. One common type happens to your ear. A change in altitude may cause your ears to hurt. |
| a condition in which an area of lung tissue is appropriately ventilated but no capillary perfusion occurs is called __________. This results in no oxygen being moved into the circulatory system | Pulmonary shunting |
| Reducing preload in the patient who is experiencing pulmonary edema results in: | improved cardiac efficiency |
| *Scenario: *Julia is a long time smoker and has developed chronic bronchitis., Your partner notes a drop in blood pressure from 162/84 to 148/62 when she takes a deep breath. This MOST likely suggests: | pulsus paradoxus |
| Hyperresponsive airways may occur with: | asthma |
| The carpopedal spasms that occur as a result of hyperventilation syndrome are due to: | relative hypocalcemia |
| What is an indication of complete airway obstruction? | The patient cannot cough.
The patient cannot breath.
The patient cannot speak. |
| Scenario: *Phillip, *Julias cousin, is a 20 pack/year smoker. He appears cyanotic, exhibiting signs of jugular vein distention and rhonchi. This patient is MOST likely suffering from: | chronic bronchitis |
| Nasopharyngeal airways should NOT be used in the presence of: | basilar skull fracture. |
| Distended neck veins, diminishing unilateral breath sounds, and progressively worsening compliance are indications of: | tension pneumothorax. |
| The hypoxic drive is regulated by | low blood O2 levels |
| The MAIN risk associated with tracheobronchial suctioning is: | hypoxia |
| The length of time for suctioning a patient should be limited to: | 10 seconds |
| Stephanie's dog (she calls him *Jonas) was in the kitchen begging for food when all of a sudden he falls over and goes unresponsive. Now *Stephanie loves her dog so immediately performs mouth-to-mouth ventilations. What percentage of oxygen (with garlic I might add)is being delivered? | 16% |
| Which oxygen delivery device supplies the highest concentration of oxygen? | non breather mask |
| Per the SOB standard, which of the following complications may result in SOB? | STEMI
CHF
CVA
Metabolic Acidosis
Pulmonary Embolism |
| if using ETCO2 monitoring for COPD or asthma patients who have an initial ETCO2 of >50 mmHg, attempt to maintain ETCO2 between________ mmHg | 50-60 |
| Which of the following mechanisms of injury would MOST likely cause a deceleration injury resulting in a pulmonary contusion? | A patient's thorax strikes a steering wheel |
| Which of the following BEST explains why positive-pressure ventilation is the best management for a patient with a flail segment | The positive pressure displaces the thorax outward, reducing the movement of the fracture site and moving the flail segment with the chest. |
| Mackenzie crashed her car into a tree (she said it jumped in her way) and has a suspected myocardial contusion. In light of the heart's location in their thorax, which chambers would MOST likely be injured? | the right atrium and right ventricle |
| Which of the following would be considered a late sign in a patient with a massive hemothorax? | 1. altered mental status
2. respiratory difficulty
4. flat neck veins |
| Which of the following BEST describes the effects of a pericardial tamponade on cardiac output and venous pressure? | Cardiac output is low, and central venous pressure rises so JVD present |
| Which of the following signs or symptoms are present with a dissecting aortic aneurysm? | 1. tearing chest pain that radiates to the back
3. pulse deficit between the right and left upper extremities
5. a systolic murmur |
| Which of the following are you LEAST likely to find in a tension pneumothorax | hyporesonance |
| Why is an occlusive dressing, taped on three sides, used in a patient with an open pneumothorax? | It converts an open pneumothorax into a closed pneumothorax, reducing the aspiration of air and relieving pressure build-up. |
| Air trapped in the pleural space under pressure is known as | tension pneumothorax |
| Chest Trauma
*Peppermint Patty was hit in the left chest wall by a softball line drive. She felt a "pop" and thinks some of her ribs were broken. She has a heart rate of 100 beats per minute, blood pressure of 90/60, and distended neck veins. She is working very hard to breathe and you note cyanosis around her lips. Lung sounds are decreased on the left chest wall. | Tension pneumothorax |
| The intercostal artery, vein, and nerve are found: | Along the bottom of the rib |
| Muffled heart sounds, JVD, and narrowing pulse pressures describe the clinical findings that make up: | Becks triad |
| You respond to a scene and find that a 35-year-old male has fallen 50 feet onto a concrete surface. Examination reveals that the patient is cool, pale, and diaphoretic. There is deformity to the anterior left chest around the first and second ribs. Blood pressure in both arms is 78/40. Femoral pulses are absent. The most likely injury relating to the patient's presentation is: | AAA |
| Supraglottic airway
Which of the following statements are TRUE? | 2. When using an SGA, risk of regurgitation & aspiration must be weighed against the potential benefit of establishing an airway
3. ACPs can use SGAs for the unconscious, can't intubate, can't ventilate patient |
| *Shannon is experiencing wheezing and dyspnea right now while writing her respiratory test. Her vital signs are RR= 42; BP= 112/68; HR= 124. Your primary goal in the management of *Shannon is to: | 1. evaluate pulmonary expiratory flow rate.
3. reduce inflammation.
5. increase pulmonary capillary permeability. |
| A patient with a tracheal stoma typically has increased secretions due to: | a less effective cough. |
| Which of the following bronchovesicular sounds is considered NORMAL? | equal expiratory and inspiratory phase |
| Which of the following is a sign of central cyanosis? | bluish lips |
| ________ usually occurs when the upper airway is partially obstructed by the tongue. | snoring |
| Pulse oximetry measures the: | saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen. |
| Advantages of a nasopharyngeal airway include which the following: | 2. it can be rapidly inserted and safely placed blindly.
3. it does not isolate the trachea.
5. it may be used in the presence of a gag reflex. |
| Stomas are used for breathing by patients who have had a surgical opening cut into the trachea or who have had surgical removal of the: | larynx. |
