SEARCH
You are in browse mode. You must login to use MEMORY

   Log in to start

level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
meningesthree membranous layers
dura materstrong, white fibrous tissue, outer layer of meninges and inner periosteum of the cranial bones
arachnoid materdelicate, spiderweb like layer between the dura mater and the Pia mater
pia materinnermost, transpartents layers, adhere to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord, and contains blood vessels
film terminaleblends with dura mater to form a fibrous cord that disappears into the periosteum of the coccyx
epidural spacelocated between the dura mater and inside the bony covering of the spinal cord, contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues
subdural spacelocated between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater, this contains lubercating serous fluid
subarachnoid spacelocated between the arachnoid and Pia mater, contains a significant amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
epidural hematomalucid intervals of consciousness with slowly deteriorating neurological signs (middle meningeal artery)
subdural hematomaloss of consciousness that could be fluctuating with dizziness and headaches (venous tears)
subarachnoid hematomaimmediate rapid onset, LOC, headache, confusion, nausea (10-15% fatal)
CSF functionsupport and protective cushion, reservoir of circulating fluid, which is monitored by the brain to detect changes in the internal environment
CSFfound in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord and within the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cord
ventriclesfluid-filled spaces within the brain
first and second ventricleslateral- first and second, they are located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
fothird ventriclethin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the later ventricles
fourth ventricletiny, diamond shaped space where the cerebrum attaches to the back of the brainstem
cerebrospinal fluidoccurs by separation of fluid from the blood in the choroid plexuses form the fourth ventricle, fluid goes to two different areas
arachnoid villifluid circulates in the subarachnoid space and then is absorbed into venous blood
structure of the spinal cordwithin the spinal cavity and extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of L1 tow bulges, one in the cervical region and one in the lumbar region anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus are two deep grooves, anterior fissure is deeper and wider
nerve rootsfibres of the dorsal nerve root carry sensory info into the spinal canal
dorsal root ganglioncell bodies of unipolar, sensory neurons make up a small region of grey matter in the dorsal nerve root
ventral nerve rootcarry motor info out of the spinal cord cell bodies of multipolar, motor neurone are in the grey matter of the spinal cord
spinal nervea single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together
cauda equinabundle of nerve roots extending from the conus medullar is (inferior end of the spinal cord)
grey matterextends the length of the spinal cord, consists predominantly of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurone in transverse section, it look like an H with the limbs being called the anterior, posterior, and lateral horns of the grey matter- crossbar of the H is the grey COMMISSURE
white mattersurrounds the grey matter and is subdivided in each half
ascending tractsconduct impulses UP the cord and to the brain
descending tractsconduct impulses DOWN the cord from the brain
lateral spinothalamictracts- crude touch, pain, and temp
anterior spinothalamictracts- crude touch, pressure
fascicule gracilis and cuneatusdiscriminating touch and conscious kinaesthesia
spinocerebellartracts- subconscious kinaesthesia
spinotectaltouch related to visual reflexes
lateral corticospinalvoluntary movements on opposite sides of the body
anterior corticospinalvoluntary movements on the same side of the body
reticulospinalmaintains posture during movement
rubrospinaltransmits impulses that coordinate body movements and maintenance of posture
tectospinalhead and neck movements during visual reflexes
vestibulospinalcoordination of posture and balance
the brainlargest organ, weighs 1.4 kg
medulla oblongatalowest part of the brainstem, attaches to the spinal cord located above the foramen magnum composed of white matter and a network of grey and white matter called the reticular formation network
pyramidstwo bulges of white matter located on the ventral side of the medulla, formed by fibres of the pyramidal tracts
medullaolive and nuclei
medulla: oliveoval projection located in the reticular formation
medulla: nucleiclusters of neurone cell bodies located in the reticular formation
ponslocated above the medulla and below the midbrain, composed of white matter and reticular formation
midbrainlocated above the pons and below the cerebrum, forms the midsection of the brain composed of white tracts and reticular formation extending divergently through the midbrain and cerebral peduncles
corpora quadrigeminalandmark in midbrain, composed of two inferior colliculi and two superior colliculi forms the posterior, upper part of the midbrain that lies just above the cerebellum
inferior colliculuscontains auditory centres
superior colliculuscontains visual centres
red nucleus and substantial nigraclusters of cell bodies or neurone involved in muscular control
functions of the brainsensory, motor and reflex functions
spinothalamicimportant sensory tracts that pass through the brainstem
fascicule cuneatus and gracillis and spinoreticularsensory tracts who's axons terminate in the grey matter of the brainstem
corticospinal and reticulospinaltwo major tracts present in the white matter of the brainstem
nuclei in medullacardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centres, also controls vomitting, coughing, sneezing etc
ponscontains reflexes mediated by fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth
midbraincontains centres for certain cranial nerve reflexes
structure of the cerebellumsecond largest part of the brain, contains more neurone than the rest of the nervous system located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum grey matter is on the outside, white is on the inside has a lot of sluice, and parallel gyre (folia)
arbor vitaeinternal white matter of the cerebellum, distinctive pattern similar to the veins of a leaf
white mater (short tracts)conduct impulses from neurone cell bodies located in the cerebellar cortex to neurone who's dendrites and cell bodies compose nuclei located in the interior of the cerebellum
white matter (long tracts)conduct impulses to and from the cerebellum fibres enter or leave by way of three pairs of penducles
inferior cerebellar pedunclescomposed chiefly of tracts into the cerebellum from the medulla and cord
middle cerebellar pedunclescomposed almost entirely of tracts into the cerebellum from the pons
superior cerebellar pedunclescompared principally of tracts from dentate nuclei in the cerebellum through the red nucleus of the midbrain to the thalamus
dentate nucleilocated in each hemisphere, nuclei is connected with thalamus and with motor arms of the cerebral cortex by tracts by means of the tracts, cerebellar impulses influence the motor cortex, and the motor cortex influences the cerebellum
functions of the cerebellumcompares motor commands of the cerebrum with the info coming from the proprioceptors in the muscle impulses travel from the cerebellum to both the cerebrum ad muscles to coordination the intended action
functions of the cerebellumproduces skilled movements, controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance, controls posture, processes sensory info
diencephalonlocated between the cerebrum and the midbrain, consists of several structures located around the third ventricle: thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma, pineal gland, and others
thalamusdumbbells shaped mass of grey matter, serves as a major relay station for sensory impulses on their way to cerebral cortex, plays a role in emotions by associating sensory impulses with feeling of good or bad
hypothalamusbeneath the thalamus, crucial part of regulating appetite, maintains body temp
infundibulumthe stalk leading to the post lobe of pit gland, small, performs functions for survival and enjoyments, links body and mind, links nervous system to endocrine system
pineal glandlocated above the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain, regulates the bodies biological clock produces melatonin
cerebral cortexlargest uppermost division of the brain, consists of the right and left cerebral hemisphere and is made up of six layers of grey matter
longitudinal fissuredeepest fissure and it divides cerebrum into two hemispheres
central sulcusgroove between frontal and parietal lobes
cerebral tractsmake up cerebrums white matter
projection tractsextensions of the sensory spinothaamic tracts and motor corticospinal tracts
speciation tractsmost numerous cerebral tracts, extend from one convolution to another in the same hemisphere
commissural tractsextend from one to convolution to a corresponding conviction in the other hemisphere, compose the croups callous and the anterior posterior commissures
basal nucleiislands of great matter located deep inside the white matter of each hemisphere including: caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, amygdaloid nuclei
basal nuclei functionregulation of voluntary (conscious) motor control related to posture, walking, and other repetitive movements, possible roles in thinking and learning
precentral gyrussomatic motor area, impulses from neurone in this area descend over motor tracts and stimulate skeletal muscles
postcentral gyrusgeneral somatic sensory area, receives impulses from receptors active by heat, cold and touch stimuli
transverve gyrusauditory area
occipital lobeprimary visual area
consciousnessstate of awareness of ones self, environments, and other humans
reticular activating systemfunctions as the arousal system for the cerebral cortex, it is crucial for maintaining consciousness
emotionssubject to experiencing and objective expressing of emotions involve functioning of the limbic system
limbic system"emotional brain" located on the medial surface of the cerebrum, they have primary connections with other parts of the brain like the thalamus, fornix, septal nuclei, amygdaloid nucleus, and hypothalamus
memorycapable of storing and retrieving both short and long term memory temporal, parietal, occipital lobes are response for short and long term memory
primary sensory neuronsconduct impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system
secondary sensory neuronsconduct impulses form the cord or brainstem to the thalamus dendrites and cells dies are located in the grey matter of the cord and brainstem
tertiary sensory neuronsconduct impulses from thalamus to the postcenrral gyrus of the parietal lobe, bundle of axons of tertiary sensory neurone from the thalamocortical tracts, emend though the internal capsule to the cerebral cortex
medial lemniscal systemtracts that make up the fascicule cuneatus and gracilis and the medial lemniscus, axons of secondary sensory neurone make up medial lemniscus, it transmits imputes that produce discriminating touch and pressure sensations and kinaesthesia
spinothalamic pathway functionspain, temp and crude touch
principal of the final common paththe motor neurone from the anterior grey horn of the spinal cord, conducts impulses to skeletal muscles
pyramidal tractslocated on the opposite side of the spinal cord in the later white column, 3 quarters of the fibres deviate in the medulla and extend down the cord, and one quarter of the fibres do not decussate but they do extend down the same side as they came
exrapyramidal - in the brainrelays motor neurone between the basal nuclei, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem