| NON metals and METALLOIDS exist only in the ... block of periodic table | P |
| NON metallic oxides are ...( acidic/basic) | acidic |
| metal oxides are ... | basic |
| FIRST MEMBER of P-BLOCK DIFFERS from rest of the heavier elements starting from 3rd period in ( 2 ways) | 1) SIZE
2) (applies only to p block elements) ABSENCE OF EFFECT OF D ORBITALS IN THE VALENCE SHELL OF THEIR ELEMENTS and their effects in heavier elements |
| Maximum valency of p block elments OF SECOND PERIOD | FOUR |
| ELEMENTS OF 3RD PERIOD P BLOCK CAN EXTEND THEIR VALENCY CUS | THEY HAVE VACANT D ORBITAL PRESENT |
| FIRS T MEMBER OF A GROUP DIFFESR FROM THS HEAVIER ELEMENTS IN ITS ABILITY TO | FORM p-pi - p-pi bonds to itself and to second row elements |
| P pi- Ppi bonding isnt strong for thr heavier elements of p block but their pi bonds involve D orbitals, as D orbitals are higher in energy than P orbitals, they | contribute less to the overall stability than P-pi - P - pi BONDING of the second row elements |
| the ... NUMBER maybe ... in species of higher mass than the first element of the same oxidation state | COORDINATION, higher |
| BORON is ... metal/ not | NON METAL |
| Aluminium os a metal that shows many similarities to ... | BORON |
| METALS IN GROUP 13 | ALUMINIUM
GALLIUM
INDIUM
THALIUM
NIHONIUM |
| GROUP 13 | BORON FAMILY |
| GROUP 14 | CARBON FAMILY |
| BORON OCCURS AS | ORTHOBORIC ACID (H3BO3)
BORAX( Na2B4O7.10H20)
KERNITE (Na2B4O7.4H20) |
| 2 ISOTOPIC FORMS OF BORON ARE | 10 11
B B
5 5 |
| ... IS THE MOSTT ABUNDANT METAL | ALUMINIUM |
| ALUMINIUM IS ...MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN EARTHS CRUST | THIRD |
| IMPORTANT MINERALS OF ALUMINUM ARE | BAUXITE Al2O3.2H20
CRYOLITE Na3AlF6 |
| In india, borax occurs in... & ... | PUGA VALLEY, LADAKH
SAMBHAR LAKE, RAJASTHAN |
| IN india, aluminium is found as ... in ..., ..., ..., ... | MIKA
.
MP
KARNATAKA
ORRISA
JAMMU |
| HALF LIFE of most stable isotope of Nihonium is | 20 secs |
| ... of born family is radioactive | Nihonium |
| ATOMIC RADII TREND : BORON FAMILY | B
Ga
Al
In
Tl |
| WHY IS GALLIUM SHORTER THAN ALUMINIUM | THE presence of additional 10 d e- offer only poor screening effect for the outer electrons from the increased nuclear charge |
| electronegativity order | B
Tl
In
Ga
Al |
| BORON COLOR | BLACK |
| BORON ...hard/soft | HARD |
| BORON MP ... high/low | high |
| why has BORON SO HIGH MELTING POINT | due to vry strong CRYSTALLINE LATTICE |
| EXCEPT BORON, rest of the members of the family are ... metals (hard/soft)
... MP (high/low)
... e- trical conductivity (high/low) | SOFT
LOW
HIGH |
| ... METAL of gp 13 is liquid at room temperature | GALLIUM |
| HIGH BOILING POINT OF GALLIUM MAKES IT USEFUK FOR ... | MEASURING HIGH TEMPERATURES |
| DENSITY OF THE ELEMENTS ...DOWN THE GROUP FROM BORON TO THALLIUM | INCREASES |
| WHY boron forms covalent bonds not ionic | DUE TO SMALL SIZE OF BORON, THE SUM OF ITS THREE ENTHALPIES OF IONIZATION IS VERY HIGH, WHICH PREVENTS IT FROM MAKING B+3 ION AND HENCE, IT CAN FORM BONDS ONLY THROUGH SHARING |
| out of +1 and +3 oxidation states, the stability of ... oxdn state increases progressively towards heavy metals | +1 |
| ON BASIS OF, ...IN BORON FAMILY THE COMPOUNDS IN ... OXDN STATE ARE MORE IONIC | ENERGY CONSIDERATION,
+1 |
| GP 13: ...,...,... SHOW BOTH +1 AND +3 OXIDATION STATES | Ga
In
Tl |
| in thallium, +1 oxidation state is predominant whereas, +3 OXIDN state is highly ... in nature | OXIDISING |
| IN TRIVALENT STATE, THE NO. OF e- around a central atom in a molecule of the compounds of these elements will only be ...
SUCH e- deficient molecules have tendency to act as a ... | 6
LEWIS ACID |
| TRICHLORIDES ON HYDROLYSIS IN WATER FORM ...(shape) ...(formula) species
And the hybridization of metal M is ... | TETRAHEDRAL
[M(OH)4]- |
| Aluminium Chloride in acidified aqueous solution forms ...(shape) ...
... formula | OCTAHEDRAL
[Al(H20)6]+3 |
| BORON is unreactive with air in ... form | CRYSTALLINE |
| BORON TRIOXIDE IS ... (Acidic/ basic) | acidic |
| ... and ... oxides are amphoteric ---gp 13 | ALUMINIUM
GALLIUM |
| ... and ... oxides are are basic in their properties | INDIUM and THALLIUM |
| ... doesnt react with acids and alkalis even at moderate temperature | BORON |
| ALUMINIUM dissolves in ... acids and ... alkalis, thus showing AMPHOTERIC character | MINERAL
AQUEOUS |
| ... renders aluminium passive by forming a protective layer over its surface | CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID |
| ALUMINIUM reacts with ... and... to liberate DIHYDROGEN | HCl and AQUEOUS ALKALI |
| 2Al (s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 6H2O(l) ----> g) | 2 Na+[Al(OH)4]- (aq) + 3 H2(g)
|
|
SODIUM TETRAHYDROXY ALUMINATE (|||) |
| 2E + 3X2 ---> (X= F,Cl, Br,I) | 3X2 + 2EX3 |
| WHY WHITE fumes appear around the bottle of ANHYDROUS Aluminium chloride? | Anhydrous aluminium chloride is partially hydrolysed with atmospheric moisture to liberate HCl gas,. Moist HCl is WHITE in color |
| HYDRATION | its defined as ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION REACTION, and there is NO CLEAVAGE OF THE ORIGINAL MOLECULE.
in this kind of reaction, water reacts with an unsaturated compund, for eg, to form an ALCHOHOL ~from hydration of ethylene to form ethanol.
here, hydroxyl group (-OH) adds to one of the bonds and proton adds to another. |
| HYDROLYSIS | its a reaction in which chemical bonds are broken by the addition.
EG: if we add, water to concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4,
it dissociates into H3O+ and (HSO4)- |
| monomeric trihalides are ... | lewis acids |
| F3B + :NH3 ---> | F3B<---NH3 |
| DUE TO ... MAXIMUM COVALENCE OF BORON IS 4 | ABSENCE OF D ORBITALS |
| ... fibres are used in making bullet proof vest and light composite material for aircraft | BORON |
| BORON ISOTOPE THAT HAS HUGE ABILITY TO ABSORB NEUTRONS | BORON 10
10
B |
| ... ARE USED IN NUCLEAR INDUSTRIES AS PROTECTIVE SHIELDS AND CONTROL RODS | METAL BORATES |
| HEAT RESISTANT GLASSES | PYREX |
| BORAX AND BORIC ACID ARE USED MAINLY IN INDUSTRIAL FORMATION OF ... , ... & ... | GLASS WOOL
PYREX
FIBREGLASS |
| BORON IS ASLO USED AS ... FOR SOLDERING METALS | FLUX |
| AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF ... IS USED AS A MILD ANTISEPTIC | ORTHOBORIC ACID |
| ALUMINIUM IS ... COLORED WITH HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH | BRIGHT SILVERY BRIGHT |
| USES OF ALUMINIUM FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES IS REDUCED DUE TO ... | TOXIC NATURE |
| ALUMINIUM IS USED IN
...
...
...
... | PACKING
UTENSIL MAKING
CONSTRUCTION
AEROPLANE AND TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY |
| ON AWEIGHT TO WEIGHT BASIS E LECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALUMINIUM IS ... THAN THAT OF COPPER | TWICE |
| BORON HAS
... DENSITY
... ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY | LOW
LOW |
| B Al Ga In Tl ----atomic weights | 5
13
31
49
81 |
| atomic radius gp 13 | B
Ga
Al
In
Tl |
