| Which Organisms evolved first? | Unicellular Organisms |
| Give some examples of Unicellular Organisms. | Amoeba & Paramoecium |
| What occurred in multicellular organisms as they evolved? | Division of Labor |
| Define Tissue | A group of similar cells with intercellular substance performing a specific function is called Tissue. |
| Who was the first person to give the term "Tissue" in Botany? | N. Grew |
| Who was the first person to give the term "Tissue" for other organisms? | Bichat |
| What does intercellular mean? | Between cells |
| What does Intracellular mean? | Within the cell |
| What is the study of tissues called? | Histology |
| Who gave the term for the study of tissues? | Mayer |
| Give some examples of Coelenterate. | Hydra & Jelly Fish & Sea Anemone |
| In which group of Organisms did Tissues evolve first in? | Coelenterates. |
| On what basis can tissues be classified into its types? | Structure, Function & Location |
| What are the types of tissues? | 1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Neural/Nervous Tissue
4. Muscular Tissue |
| What is Epithelial Tissue commonly known as? | Epithelium |
| Who gave the term Epithelial Tissue? | Ruysch |
| What does Epithelial tissue face/form? | 1. It forms outer covering or internal lining of the body organ.
2. Facing external Environment or body fluid. |
| What do cells of Epithelial Tissue lie upon? | Basement Membrane |
| Name the defining characteristics of Basement Membrane. | Non-living & Non-cellular |
| Describe the position of Basement Membrane with respect to other tissues. | Epithelium tissue - Basement Membrane - Connective Tissue |
| Name the two parts of Basement Membrane. | 1. Basal Lamina
2. Reticular Lamina |
| What is the basal lamina made up of? | Mucopolysaccharides & Glycoproteins |
| Epithelial Tissue repairs which part of the Basement Membrane if injured. | Upper Basal Lamina |
| What is the structure of the Upper Basal Lamina? | Thin Layer |
| What is the Reticular Lamina made up of? | Protein Fibers (Collagen or reticular) |
| Connective Tissue repairs which part of the Basement Membrane if injured. | Lower Reticular Lamina. |
| What is the structure of the Lower Reticular Lamina? | Thick Layer |
| What are the functions of the Basement Membrane? | Provides support, elasticity, flexibility |
| Comment on the blood supply of Epithelial Tissue. | Avascular |
| Comment on the repair function of Epithelial Tissue | High regeneration Capacity. |
| Name the places of specializations of Epithelial Tissue. | Cell membrane & Apical surface. |
| Name the 3 types of specializations on Epithelial Tissue | 1. Microvilli
2. Cilia/Kinocilia
3. Stereocilia |
| Function of Microvilli | Increases surface area for absorption. |
| Structure of Microvilli | Microscopic finger like projections |
| Location of Microvilli | Intestine |
| Function of Kinocilia | Motility |
| Structure of Kinocilia | Hair/bristle like |
| Location of Kinocilia | Fallopian Tube & Respiratory Tract |
| Function of Stereocilia | Serve as a sensory function |
| Structure of stereocilia | Hair/bristle like projections |
| Location of Stereocilia | Vas deferens, Nose, Cochlea (ear), Epididymis |
| Amount of intercellular fluid in Epithelial Tissue | Tightly packed cells |
| Name the characteristic of Epithelial Tissue | Cell Junction |
| Function of Cell Junctions | Structural & Functional link between cells in a tissue. |
| Name the types of cell Junctions | 1. Tight Junction
2. Gap Junction
3. Adhering Junctions
4. Hemidesmosomes |
| What is the other name of Tight Junctions? | Zonula Occludens |
| Which protein holds on to the tight Junction? | Occludin or Claudin Protein |
| Function of Tight Junctions | Prevent leakage of substances in between two cells. |
| Location of Tight Junction | Stomach |
| What is the other name of Gap Junction? | Communicating Junction |
| Which protein holds on to the Gap Junction? | Connexin Protein |
| Function of Gap Junction | Allows communication between two cells of a tissue by allowing passage of substances. |
| Gap Junction allows the passage of what substances? | Ions, Large Molecules, Small Substances |
| What are the 2 types of Adhering Junctions? | 1. Macula Adherens
2. Zonula Adherens |
| What is Macula Adherens also known as? | Desmosomes |
| Function of Macula Adherens | Perform cementing of neighboring cells |
| What is Keratin? | A hard, insoluble substance, non-contractible. |
| What is the intercellular protein made up of in Macula Adherens? | Cadherein Protein |
| What is Plaque? | A thick protein layer. |
| What is the other name of Tonofibrils? | Keratin Protein Filaments |
| Give an example of where Keratin is located. | Hair |
| Which fibers are present in Macula Adherens? | Protein Fibres |
| What fibers are present in Zonula Adherens? | Actin Fibers |
| What are Actin Fibers made up of? | Actin Protein |
| Comment on the presence of protein plaque in Zonula Adherens. | Thin Protein layer |
| What is the intercellular protein made up of in Zonula Adherens? | Cadherein Proteins |
| Function of Zonula Adherens | Perform cementing of neighboring cells |
| Functions of Actin | Responsible for contraction |
| Location of Actin | Muscle cells |
| What does hemidesmosomes mean? | Half of desmosomes |
| Function of hemidesmosomes. | Connects the cells of epithelial tissue to basement membrane |
| Which protein fibers are present on the plaque? | Keratin Protein Fibers |
| Which protein connects the epithelial tissue to the basement membrane? | Integrin Proteins |
| What are the 2 types of Epithelial tissue? | 1. Simple Epithelium
2. Compound Epithelium |
| What are the types of simple epithelial tissue? | 1. Squamous Simple Epithelial tissue
2. Cuboidal Simple Epithelial Tissue
3. Columnar Simple Epithelial Tissue
4. Ciliated Simple Epithelial Tissue
5. Pseudostratified Simple Epithelial Tissue
6. Glandular Simple Epithelial Tissue |
| What are the types of Compound Epithelial Tissue? | 1. Stratified compound epithelium
2. Transitional compound Epithelium |
| What does Simple Epithelium mean? | Single layer of cells resting on a basement membrane |
| What is the other name for Squamous Epithelium? | 1. Tessellated Epithelium
2. Pavement Epithelium |
| What does Squamous Epithelium mean? | Flat Epithelium |
| What does tessellated epithelium mean? | Polygonal celled Epithelium |
| What does pavement membrane mean? | Tile shaped cells in Epithelium |
| Describe the structure of nucleus in Simple Squamous Epithelium? | Flat, Central Nucleus. |
| Comment on the thickness of the cells of Simple Squamous Epithelium | Cells are very thin in diameter |
| List the locations of Simple Squamous Epithelium | 1. Alveoli of lungs
2. Forms lining of blood & lymph vessels
3. Bowman's Capsule & Henle's loop
4.Coelom present in body lining |
| Function of Simple Squamous Epithelium | 1. Exchange of gases in lungs
2. Filtration in nephron |
| What is Coelom? | It is the body cavity in between body wall & Visceral organs. |
| Describe the structure of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium. | Cube like cells with round, central nucleus. |
| Which tissue is responsible for secretion of hormones in thyroid glands? | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Which tissue is forms the germinal epithelium and hence gives rise to gamete formation? | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
| Which tissue is present in small ducts of certain glands and are responsible for excretion of certain secretions? | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
| If microvilli is present on Simple Cuboidal epithelium, what is it called? | Brush Bordered Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
| Where is Brush Bordered Simple Cuboidal Epithelium present? | Convoluted Tubule (PCT) in nephron |
| What is the function of Brush Bordered Simple Cuboidal Epithelium? | It's function is to increase Surface Area for absorption in the nephron |
| Describe the structure of Simple Columnar Epithelium. | Tall column like cells with basal, oval nucleus |
| What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelium? | Absorption & Mucous secretion |
| What is Mucosa/Mucosal Membrane? | Mucous producing cells, columnar epithelium + Underlying connective tissue. |
| If there is presence of microvilli on Simple Columnar Epithelium it is called? | Brush Bordered Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| Where is Brush Bordered Simple Columnar Epithelium found? | Intestine & Stomach |
| What is the characteristic of Simple Ciliated Epithelium ? | Presence of Cilia |
| What are the 2 types of Ciliated Epithelium? | 1. Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
2. Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium |
| What is the function of cilia? | Movement of substances in a particular direction |
| Which tissue is present in the small bronchioles in respiratory tract? | Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium |
| What is the role of Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium in the small bronchioles in the respiratory tract? | To move mucus & trapped dust particles |
| Which tissue is present in the Large Bronchioles? | Simple ciliated Columnar Epithelium |
| Which tissue is present in the Fallopian tube to cause movement of the ova? | Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium |
| Which tissue is present in the Ependymal cells? | Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium |
| Which are the only cells in your body which can have microvilli as well as cilia? | Ependymal Cells |
| What is the role of Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium in Ependymal cells? | It maintains the flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in the brain & Spinal cord. |
| Describe the structure of Simple Pseudostratified Epithelium | Columnar cells but unequal in size with nuclei at different levels in different cells. |
| What does Pseudostratified mean? | Falsely multilayered |
| Describe the structure of nucleus present in TALL Simple Pseudostratified Epithelium | Oval, Central nucleus |
| Describe the structure of nucleus present in SMALL Simple Pseudostratified Epithelium | Round, basal Nucleus |
| Does Pseudostratified Epithelium show the presence of Goblet Cells? | Presence of Columnar Goblet cells |
| What are the 2 types of Simple Pseudostratified Epithelium? | 1. Simple Pseudostratified non-ciliated Epithelium
2. Simple Pseudostratified ciliated Epithelium |
| List the locations of the Pseudostratified non-ciliated Epithelium | Male Urethra, large ducts of parotid Salivary Glands |
| List the locations of the Pseudostratified ciliated Epithelium | Trachea, Large Bronchioles |
| Why was the name Pseudostratified given? | It is so because the nuclei are present at different levels, giving a false appearance of being multilayered |
| What do the Pseudostratified Epithelial cells rest on? | Basement membrane |
| Which tissue is a specialization/modification of Epithelial Tissue? | Simple Glandular Epithelium |
| What is the purpose of Simple Glandular Epithelium? | It is specialized for secretions |
| Which Gland secretes digestive enzymes in small Intestine? | Crypts of Lieberkuhn |
| What are the 4 criteria's on which the Types of glands has been categorized? | 1. Cell Number
2. Mode of pouring of secretions
3. Duct & Secretory portion
4. Mode of secretion |
| How is Glandular Epithelium divided on the basis of Cell Number? | 1. Unicellular Glandular Epithelium
2. Multicellular Glandular Epithelium |
| Give an example of Unicellular Glandular Epithelium | Goblet Cells |
| Give an example of Multicellular Glandular Epithelium | Salivary glands |
| Comment on the pouring of hormones in Unicellular & Multicellular Glandular Epitheliums | Hormones are poured directly into the fluid bathing the gland |
| How is Glandular Epithelium divided on the basis of mode of pouring of secretions? | 1. Exocrine Glands
2. Endocrine Glands |
| Which gland releases its secretion directly into the blood stream? | Exocrine Glands |
| How do Exocrine glands secrete their hormones? | They have ducts which transport the secretions directly into the lumen of the organ or directly over the substance. |
| Classify Salivary glands (Parotid, sub maxillary/ sub mandibular, sub lingual) | Exocrine Glands |
| Classify Lacrimal Glands (Tear glands) | Exocrine GLands |
| Classify Mammary glands (Milk Glands) | Exocrine Glands |
| Classify Sudoferous glands (Sweat glands) | Exocrine Glands |
| Classify the glands of Stomach & Intestine | Exocrine Glands |
| Classify the Goblet Cells | Exocrine Glands |
| Classify the Ceruminous glands (Ear wax glands) | Exocrine Glands |
| Classify Sebaceous glands (Oil Glands) | Exocrine Glands |
| What are Endocrine Glands? | Ductless glands |
| Classify Pituitary Glands | Endocrine Glands |
| Classify Thyroid Glands | Endocrine Glands |
| Classify Parathyroid Glands | Endocrine Glands |
| Classify Thymus | Endocrine Glands |
| Classify Adrenal Glands | Endocrine glands |
| What are Heterocrine glands? | Glands which have both Exocrine & Endocrine glands |
| Classify Pancreas | Heterocrine Glands |
| Classify Gonads | Heterocrine Glands |
| How are glands divided on the basis of duct & Secretory portion? | DUCT : Simple (unbranched), Compound (branched)
SECRETORY PORTION: Tubular, Alveolar/Acinar/Saccular |
| Simple Tubular Gland is present in | Crypts of Liberkuhn in Small Intestine |
| Simple coiled Tubular is present in | Sweat glands |
| Simple branched Tubular is present in | Gastric glands (stomach) |
| Compound Tubular is present in | Mammary glands of Prototherians- Platypus, Echidna |
| Simple Alveolar glands are present in | Cutaneous/ skin glands of frog, poison glands of toad |
| Simple Branched Alveolar glands are present in | Oil Glands |
| Compound Alveolar is present in | Sub maxillary, sub lingual |
| Compound Tubulo-alveolar is present in | Mammary glands of humans, pancreas, Cowper's glands, Bartholin Glands, parotid glands |
| On the basis of mode of secretions, how have the glands been divided? | 1. Merocrine glands
2. Apocrine glands
3. Holocrine glands |
| In which gland do the secretions diffuse out of the cell & having no loss of the cell or any part of the cell? | Merocrine glands |
| Merocrine glands are present in- | Sweat glands, tear glands, intestinal glands, gastric glands, pancreas |
| In which gland do the secretions diffuse out of the cell & losing the apical part of the cell as well? | Apocrine glands |
| Apocrine glands are present in- | Mammary glands, axillary sweat glands |
| In which gland do the secretions diffuse out of the cell & the complete cell is lost? | Holocrine glands |
| Holocrine glands are present in- | Oil Glands |
| Which tissue regenerates the lost cell in holocrine glands? | Epithelial tissue |
