| Which tissue is the most abundant & widely distributed tissue throughout the body? | Connective Tissue |
| Which tissue connects different parts of the body and attaches tissue organs to body wall to prevent dislocation? | Connective Tissue |
| Which tissue provides protection, support and also helps in repair? | Connective tissue |
| Which tissue performs packaging around organs? | Connective Tissue |
| What are the components of Connective tissue? | 1. Cells
2. Matrix
3. Fibers |
| What is Matrix? | Intercellular / ground substance |
| What is Matrix made up of? | Mucopolysaccharides & Glycoprotein |
| What are the 2 types of fibers? | 1. Collagen Fibers
2. Elastin Fibers |
| What are Collagen Fibers made up of? | Collagen Protein |
| What are Elastic Fibers made up of? | Elastin Protein |
| Which Fibers are present in bundles and are unbranched? | Collagen Fibers |
| Which fibers are white in color? | Collagen Fibers |
| Which Fibers on heating produce gelatin? | Collagen Fibers |
| Which fibers are present in network and are branched? | Elastic Fibers |
| Which Fibers are yellow in color? | Elastin Fibers |
| Which fibers show no effect on boiling? | Elastin Fibers |
| What do the cells of Connective tissue secrete? | Matrix & Fibers |
| What is the exception to the fact that all cells of connective tissue secrete 2 substances? | Blood and Lymph |
| What are the 3 types of Connective Tissue? | 1. Loose Connective Tissue
2. Dense Connective Tissue
3. Specialized Connective Tissue |
| What are the 2 types of Loose Connective Tissue? | 1. Areolar Connective Tissue
2. Adipose Connective Tissue |
| What are the 2 types of Dense Connective Tissue? | 1. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
2. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue |
| What are the types of Specialized Connective Tissue? | 1. Skeletal Connective Tissue: Bone, Cartilage
2. Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood, Lymph |
| Name the most Abundant Connective Tissue. | Areolar Connective Tissue |
| Which tissue connects skin/Integument to underlying muscle? | Areolar Connective Tissue |
| Which Connective tissue plays role in repair, packaging, support & packaging around organs? | Areolar Connective Tissue |
| Name the cells which are present in Connective Tissue? | 1. Fibroblast
2. Macrophages
3. Plasma Cell
4. Mast Cells |
| Which cell in Areolar Connective tissue secretes matric & Fibers? | Fibroblast |
| Which cell in Areolar Connective Tissue secretes Histiocytes & Clasmatocytes? | Macrophages |
| Which cell undergoes phagocytosis of cell debris? | Macrophages |
| Which cell is the antibody producing cells? | Plasma Cell |
| Which cells produces Histamine, Serotonin and Heparin? | Mast cell |
| Which compound is a vasodilator and plays role in Inflammation/swelling? | Histamine |
| What does vasodilation mean? | Dilation or increase diameter of blood vessels |
| Which compound is a vasoconstrictor and prevents blood loss? | Serotonin |
| What does vasocontraction mean? | Constriction or decrease in diameter of blood vessels |
| Which compound is an anticoagulant? | Heparin |
| What is the main function of Adipose tissue? | Fat Storage |
| How is fat generally stored in Adipose tissue? | Excess nutrients which are not used up immediately are converted to fats & stored in cells of Adipose tissue |
| What is the shape of Adipocytes? | Round/ Oval in shape |
| Which cells of Connective tissue is present below skin mostly & also around visceral organs? | Adipocytes |
| Where are Adipocytes present in animals? | Blubber of whale & Elephant, in hump of camel, fat bodies of frog. |
| What are the functions of Adipocytes? | Energy Reserves, Shock Absorbent, insulation |
| What are the 2 types of Adipose Connective Tissue? | 1. Brown Adipose Connective Tissue
2. White Adipose Connective Tissue |
| Which Adipose Connective Tissue contains more Mitochondria? | Brown Adipose Connective Tissue, as it appears Brown. |
| Which pigment does Mitochondria contain that gives it, its brown color? | Cytochrome Pigment |
| Which of the 2 adipose connective tissue's is multitubular? | Brown Adipose Connective Tissue |
| Which tissue is present in new born & Hibernating mammals? | Brown Adipose Connective Tissue |
| Which tissue is present in new born & Hibernating mammals? | Brown Adipose Connective Tissue |
| Which cell is also known as the Signet Ring cell and it is present in which tissue? | Adipocyte cells - White Adipose Connective Tissue |
| Which Adipose Connective Tissue is Monolocular? | White Adipose Connective Tissue |
| Which Adipose tissue is a substitute for food & Provides energy on breakdown | White Adipose Connective Tissue |
| Where is White Adipose Connective Tissue present? | In all kinds of mammals & birds |
| When is the Leptin Hormone Secreted? | It is secreted when adipose tissue is in less amount, to suppress hunger, so that no more fat is formed. |
| What is the function of Leptin Hormone? | It regulates body fat & weight |
| What is the arrangement of cells & Fibers in Dense Regular Connective Tissue? | Fibroblasts are arranged regularly in between parallel bundles of Collagen FIbers |
| What are the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue? | 1. Tendon
2. Ligament |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue connects bone to muscle? | Tendon |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue connects bone to bone? | Ligament |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue contains only Collagen fibers (Modified white regular)? | Tendon |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue contains more collagen fibers and less Elastin Fibers (modified yellow regular)? | Ligament |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue is inelastic in nature? | Tendon |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue is elastic in nature? | Ligament |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue causes strain? | Tendon |
| Which of the 2 divisions in Dense Regular Connective Tissue causes Sprain? | Ligament |
| What is the arrangement of cells & Fibers in Dense Irregular Connective Tissue? | Fibroblasts & Collagen fibers are arranged randomly |
| Where is Dense Irregular Connective tissue present? | In dermis of Skin |
| What is the purpose of Skeletal Connective Tissue? | 1. Provides framework to the body
2. Helps in Locomotion
3. Protects internal Organs |
| The majority of cartilages is present in which adults or embryos? | Vertebrate embryos as most of the cartilages are replaced by bone in adults. |
| Name the components of Cartilage. | 1. Cells
2. Fiber
3. Matrix |
| What are the 2 type of cells present in Cartilage? | 1. Chondroblasts
2. Chondrocytes |
| Which of the cells are the young dividing cells in Cartilage? | Chondroblasts |
| Which of the cells are the mature, matrix secreting cells in Cartilage? | Chondrocytes |
| Which of the cells are cartilage forming cells? | Chondrocytes |
| Which fibers are present in majority in Cartilage? | Collage Fibers - Majority
Elastin Fibers - Minority |
| What is the composition of Matrix in Cartilage? | Condrin (protein) + Mucopolysaccharides + Glycoprotein |
| Which of the cells are the surrounded by Lacuna in Cartilage? | Chondrocytes |
| Comment on the blood supply of Cartilage? | Avascular |
| What are the 2 ways in which Cartilage grows? | 1. Unidirectional
2. Appositional |
| How does growth occur in Cartilage in a Unidirectional way? | Chondroblasts present on one side |
| How does growth occur in Cartilage in an Appositional way? | Growth mainly results in increase in thickness |
| What are the types of Cartilage? | 1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Calcified Cartilage
3. White Fibrous Cartilage
4. Yellow Elastic Cartilage |
| Which cartilage has a glass like matrix because of the absence of fibers? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Comment on the flexibility of Hyaline Cartilage? | Has intermediate Flexibility |
| Which cartilage is present in the Nasal Septum (divides nasal cavity internally)? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is present in Larynx? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is present in Costal Cartilage (connects ribs to sternum)? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is present in Tracheal rings? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is hard & contains calcium deposition? | Calcified cartilage |
| Which cartilage is Suprascapular(shoulder bone of frog? | Calcified Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is present in the Pubis bone (Hip bone) of frog? | Calcified Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is present in abundance of white Collagen Fibers & has limited flexibility? | White Fibrous Cartilage |
| What is Nucleus Pulposus? | Remnant of Notochord |
| Which cartilage is most flexible? | Yellow Elastic Cartilage |
| Which fibers are present in Yellow Elastic Cartilage? | Yellow/Elastic fibers are also present in addition to collagen |
| Which cartilage is present at the tip of nose? | Yellow Elastic Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is present at the Ear Pinna? | Yellow Elastic Cartilage |
| Which cartilage is present in the Epiglottis? | Yellow Elastic Cartilage |
| Which Cartilage is present in the Eustachian Tube? | Yellow Elastic Cartilage |
| Why is Cartilage avascular? | Because it secretes anti-angiogenesis factor (formation of blood vessels) |
| Functions of Cartilage | 1. Provides support & flexibility
2. Resists Compression
3. Cartilages present at joints prevents wear & tear of bones |
| What are articular cartilages? | Cartilages present at the end of long bones. |
| Name 2 major characteristics of Bone | Hard, Non-pliable |
| What are the 2 types of cells present in bone? | 1. Osteoblast
2. Osteocyte |
| Which cell in Bone is the bone forming cell? | Osteoblast |
| Which cell in bone has the capacity to divide? | Osteoblast |
| Which cell in Bone secretes matrix? | Osteoblast |
| Which cell is mature in active cell? | Osteocyte |
| What is Canaliculi? | Branching processes in Lacuna |
| What are the 2 divisions in the Matrix in Cell in bone? | 1. Inorganic
2. Organic |
| Which salts are present in the inorganic part in the Matrix of cell in bone? | Calcium Salts, Calcium Phosphate, Mg salts |
| In what % is the inorganic substances present in the Matrix of cell in bone? | 70% |
| What substances form the organic part of the matrix of cell in bone? | Ossen Protein, Mucopolysaccharides, Glycoprotein |
| Which fibers are present in bone? | Collagen FIbers |
| What are the 2 types of bone marrow? | 1. Red bone marrow
2. Yellow Bone Marrow |
| Which bone marrow is present inside all bones at the time of birth? | Red Bone Marrow |
| What happens after 5 years of age to the bone marrow? | After 5 years of age, in diaphysis of long bones red Bone Marrow is replaced by yellow Bone Marrow |
| What is the function of Red bone Marrow? | Production of all blood cells (Hematopoiesis or Haemopoisis) |
| Which bone marrow is present in diaphysis of long bone in adults? | Yellow Bone Marrow |
| Which bone marrow is the site pf storage of fat? | Yellow Bone Marrow |
| When does yellow bone Marrow revert back to Red Bone Marrow? | In emergencies, for example: Excess blood loss, yellow bone marrow reverts back to red Bone Marrow |
| Describe the bone surrounding the Red Bone marrow | Spongy/ Cancellate Bone: Bone cells are irregularly arranged |
| Describe the bone surrounding the Yellow Bone marrow | Dense/ Compact Bone: Bone cells will be present regularly in concentric lamellae |
| Comment on the growth of bone | It is Bidirectional & Intestinal |
| What is Volkmann's canal? | Transverse connection in between haversian canal. |
| What is dried bone? | Burning of bone, the organic part is lost as CO2. Hard, Non-living |
| What is decalcified Bone? | On dipping bone in dilute HCl, inorganic part gets lost/dissolved. |
| Describe the nature of Decalcified Bone. | Soft & Elastic in nature, Living |
| What happens if we dip a bone in KOH solution? | There is no change |
| What is Ossification? | Process of formation of Bone |
| List the type of bones based on Ossification. | 1. Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral
2. Dermal/Investing/Membranous Brane
3. Sesamoid Bones
4. Visceral Bones |
| Which bones are formed by replacement of pre-existing cartilage? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bones is present in Humus? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bones is present in Radius? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bones is present in Ulna? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bones is present in Tibia? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bones is present in Tibula? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bone is present in Femur? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bone is present in Scapula? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Which Bone is present in Hip bone? | Cartilaginous/Replacing/Endochondral |
| Name the bone whose formation occurs in the dermis of skin. | Dermal/Investing/ Membranous Brane |
| Which bone is present in the Clavicle/Collar bone? | Dermal/Investing/Membranous Brane |
| Which bone is present in the Skull Bone? | Dermal/Investing/Membranous Brane |
| Name the bone which is formed by ossification of Tendon | Sesamoid Bones |
| Which bone is present in the Knee Caps/Patella? | Sesamoid Bones |
| Name the bone formed in visceral organs. | Visceral Bones |
| Which bone is present in Os Cordis? | Visceral Bone |
| Which bone is present in Os Falciparum ( palm of mole)? | Visceral Bone |
| Which Bone is present in Os Penis (Penis of rats & Carnivores)? | Visceral Bone |
| Which Bone is present in Os Palpebrae (Eyelids of Crocodiles)? | Visceral Bone |
| Which Bone is present in Os Rostralis (snout of pig)? | Visceral Bone |
| What are bone destroying cells called? | Osteoclasts |
| What are cartilage destroying cells called? | Chondroclasts |
| Describe the arrangement of cells in Cartilage. | Arrangement of cells is not in regular fashion |
| What is the dense bone called? | Lamellar |
| What is the spongy bone called? | Trabecular |
| What is the covering for Cartilage? | Perichondrium forms covering |
| What is the covering for Bone? | Periosteum & Endosteum present as coverings |
| Comment on the growth pattern of Cartilage. | Unidirectional, Oppositional |
| Comment on the growth pattern of Bone. | Bidirectional, Interstitial |
| What is the composition of Fluid Connective Tissue? | Made up of fiber-free matrix, Non-dividing matrix cells that don't secrete matrix |
| What is the function of Fluid Connective Tissue? | Helps in Transport of various materials |
| What are the components of Blood? | RBC, WBCs, & Platelets |
| Give an example of WBC | Basophils- Secretes all the secretions as the mast cell |
| What are the components of Lymph? | WBC & Platelets |
| Which chemical compound does Fluid Connective tissue contain? | Histamine (Serotonin & Heparin) |
