| When did we start growing crops and raising animals to provide stable supply of food and clothing? | 10 years ago |
| Hong long have we been using biological processes of microorganisms to produce food products such as cheese, bread, and to preserve dairy products? | 6 years |
| What does the term biotechnology signify? | This term signifies the activities relating to biological processes and technologies. |
| Modern biotechnology operates at? It is modern in the sense that? | It operates at the molecular level of life and is modern in the sense that the applied techniques are mainly to cells and molecules. |
| Only its coding is different among various species and it ultimately makes every living thing what it is. | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| Biotechnology can be divided into two, bio and technology. What do these two mean? | Bio means the use of biological processes and technology means to solve problems or make useful products. |
| Simple definition of biotechnology | It is the commercialization of cell biology |
| Definition of modern biotechnology according to Convention on Biological Diversity. | Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use. |
| Enumerate the two given definitions of modern biotechnology by Codex Alimentarius Commission. | 1. In vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles.
2. Fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family, that overcomes natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and that are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection. |
| What is the single definition for the term biotechnology developed by Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development? | The application of science and technology to living organisms as well parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods, and services. |
| Biotechnology is divided into two fields. What are these and what do they pertain to? | Red biotechnology and green biotechnology. Red signifies medicine while green relates to food. |
| A subdivision of biotechnology that uses enzymes and adopts natural processes such as fermentation to create industrial products, which was formerly made of chemicals. | White biotechnology/Industrial biotechnology |
| A subdivision of biotechnology that deals with marine biology. | Blue biotechnology |
| It is the dominion of males. | Heredity |
| It takes place as members of a species survive and pass their traits on to their offsprings. | Evolution |
| It carries a set of instructions for assembling and operating an organism and it records the organism's evolutionary history. | Genome |
| What does Eugenes mean? | Good in stock; hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. |
| Definition of Eugenics according to Francis Galton. | It is the improvement of humankind through selective breeding, sterilization, and other forms of intervention. |
| The practice of encouraging people possessing esteemed genetic traits to reproduce. | Positive eugenics |
| The practice of discouraging or forbidding (sometimes by force) those who possess undesirable traits from reproducing. | Negative eugenics |
| The era of modern biotechnology is believed to have started with the discovery of? | Microscope |
| According to Anton van Leeuwenhoek, how small is bacteria | Twenty-five times smaller than the blood cell |
| Basic structural and functional units of a living organisms. | Cells |
| It is considered as the heart of life. | Deoxyribonucleic acid. |
| What is the first antibiotic? It was used to treat what? | Moldy soybean curd. Skin infections. |
| What is the most significant development in the history of mankind? | Vaccine |
| A primitive type of vaccination in which people were purposely and mildly infected with smallpox to create immunity against future infections. | Variolation |
| It was the cornerstone of Pasteur's contribution to science. | Germ theory |
| What are the diseases that Pasteur found vaccines for? | Anthrax, cholera, and rabies |
| Louis Pasteur discovered the anthrax vaccine and bacteriologic agents for the diseases such as these three. | Diphtheria, typhoid, and yellow fever |
| Pasteur discovered that the ____________ of decaying matter allowed microorganisms to reproduce. | Fermentation |
| The first widely manufactured antibiotic which was developed from the mold of the Penicillium notatum. | Penicillin |
| This viral attack was one of the worst problems faced during the 20th century. The problem was caused by Poliomyelitis virus. | Polio |
| It is the virus that causes polio. | Poliomyelitis virus |
| Jonas Salk used this substance to kill or make the viral matter inactivate so that it would trigger an anti-body response without causing the disease. | Formaldehyde |
| The experiment for polio vaccination was termed as? | Double-blind test |
| The first experimental studies and the largest medical experiment in history is known as? | Francis Field Trial |
| How many percent had dropped within the first two years of the introduction of polio vaccine? | 90% |
| A degenerative neurological condition caused by infectious
protein particles known as “prions”, which slowly destroy the brain cells. | Mad Cow Disease |
| Mad Cow Disease can appear in human beings as ______, a
fatal condition in which a person’s brain is infected by a virus like protein that destroys the tissues. | variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease |
| It was one of the largest international scientific research projects with the primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. | Human Genome Project |
| Its goal was to determine the common patterns of DNA sequence variation in the human genome and to make this information freely available in the public domain. | International HapMap Project |
| It aimed to discover the sequence of variants that affect common diseases in order to facilitate development of diagnostic tools. | International HapMap Project |
| This project's initiative was to eradicate epidemics. | Influenza Genome Sequencing Project |
| In 1918, this disease killed 30 to 50 million people worldwide, this was estimated to be 2.5 to 5 percent of the planet’s population. | Spanish flu |
| This project was established because of Spanish flu | Influenza Genome Sequencing Project |
| Where can we find chromosomes? | Nucleus |
| Genetic materials are located in _____. | Chromosomes |
| How many genes are estimated in a human DNA? | Around 80,000 to 100,000 genes |
| How long and wide is a DNA? | Around 1.6 metres and one fifth of a millionth of a centimetre wide. |
| How many pairs of chromosomes are present in a cell? | 23 pairs |
| It carries the instructions for a protein construction site in the
ribosome. Its molecules are copies of genes, which carry instructions and act as templates for protein synthesis. | messenger RNA |
| It conveys an amino acid to the construction site as part of the translation process. | transfer RNA |
| It is the cornerstone of all major research works in medical biotechnology. | Genomic research |
| It is one of the earliest forms of bio-processing. It has been used for thousands of years in process like brewing beer, making wine and for preparing bread and pickle foods. | Microbial fermentation |
| These are the bio molecular components which we use most often They are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. | Enzymes |
| These are proteins that specifically attack the molecules that are foreign to the organism, such as infecting pathogens. These are also the main tools of the immune system. | Antibodies |
| It is a single species of antibody. | Monoclonal antibody |
| Specially constructed hybrid cell. | Hybridoma |
| A clone of identical antibodies. These antibodies are created specifically for a particular antigen or against a disease. | Monoclonal antibody |
| What is the first product of mammalian cell culture to hit the market that is an anti-clot drug developed to dissolve blood clots selectively? | Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
| These stem cells could be transplanted into bone marrow to stimulate the generation of the various types of blood cells necessary to rejuvenate an immune system. These stem cells can be harvested in large quantities from umbilical cord blood, but they are difficult to isolate and purify. | Adult hematopoietic stem cells |
| A process of replanting the cells. | Sub-culturing |
| What do you call to the cycle of sub culturing? | Passage |
| It is produced when scientists add DNA to an organism’s genome to code it for a new trait or to alter an existing trait. | Recombinant DNA |
| It means the joining or recombining of two pieces of DNA from two different species. | Recombinant DNA |
| What is the first recombinant DNA substance which was created to treat diabetes? | Synthetic human insulin |
| It is the production of genetically identical animals by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells to unfertilized eggs. | Cloning |
| It allows us to generate identical molecules, cells, plants, or animals. | Cloning technology |
| It is the process of creating genetically identical DNA molecules. | Molecular or Gene cloning |
| What is the name of the cloned sheep? | Dolly |
| These are the vast libraries of short DNA sequences attached to tiny glass or silicon supports which are used to screen nucleic acid population. These also help in the detecting and analyzing of thousands of genes in a single small sample. | Microarrays or gene chips |
| These are the small DNA fragments that consist the microarrays, they are physically attached to a solid surface such as glass, plastic or silicon chip to form an array. | Probes |
| Give five types of microarrays | DNA microarrays, protein microarrays, tissue microarrays, whole cell microarrays, and small molecules microarrays |
| What are the two components needed to make biosensors | Recognition element and some mechanism for reading out the recognized element |
| A device powered by one system that then supplies power (usually in another form) to a second system. | Transducer |
| A precise location of each distinct probe | Feature |
| Detecting devices that rely on the specificity of cells and molecules to identify and measure substances at extremely low concentrations. | Biosensors |
| The goal of this project is to record and index biological parts. It also offers services like synthesis assembly and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems. | Biobrick Project |
| Science of healing | Medicine |
| The use of living cells and cell materials in research to produce pharmaceutical and diagnostic products that help treat and prevent human diseases. | Medical biotechnology |
| A specialized area of study about how a person’s inherited genetic tendencies interact with specific medicines. | Pharmacogenetics |
| Collection of proteins with specific functions | Proteome |
| The study of the structure, function, location, and interaction of proteins within and among cells. | Proteomics |
| How many functional cells are present in every cell? | 33,000 |
| Human genomes contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. What do you call to the 22 pairs and the last pair? | Autosomes, sex chromosomes |
| The study of chemical modifications of genes that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next. | Epigenetics |
| The description of these modifications across the whole genome. | Epigenome |
| The science of this is to reveal biological processes at the sub cellular level involves the nuclear methods. | Nuclear imaging |
| The best way to study motion in proteins. | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) |
| A powerful technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of crystals including macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. | X-ray crystallography |
| It allows researchers to make customized changes to the mechanisms of the human body, correcting defects and curing diseases. | Nanomedicine |
| A process by which an organism’s genome is intentionally altered. It is the manipulation of an organism’s genes through cloning or transformation via the addition of foreign DNA. | Genetic engineering |
| The process of screening a person’s DNA to see if he or she carries a gene that may lead to a certain disease or not. | Genetic Screening |
| This type of gene therapy is normally made on reproductive cells, sperm or eggs that are altered by inserting engineered genes. Changes made this way will alter a genome forever and which will be passed on to future generations. | Germ line therapy |
| A type of gene therapy involves altering the body’s somatic cells, or organs and tissue cells that are not involved in reproduction. This type of gene therapy would cure or treat a person’s condition, but the changes would not be passed on to future generations. | Somatic cell gene therapy |
| Medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses. | Retroviral drugs |
| An infectious agent that grows or reproduces by attaching
itself to a host cell. | Virus |
| A type of virus that contains RNA instead of DNA. It
replicates by using the enzyme reverse transcriptase that gives them the unique property of transcribing RNA (virus RNA) into DNA. | Retrovirus |
| A new reproductive technology, which includes a process in which an egg is removed from a woman’s body and fertilized with a man’s sperm in a laboratory, with the resulting zygote then implanted in the woman’s womb. In-vitro means, outside the body. | In vitro fertilization |
| It means the sperm has attached itself to and entered the egg. | Fertilization |
| This term came from a combination of the words farming and pharmaceuticals. | Pharming |
| It follows a procedure of inserting genes with pharmaceutical benefits into crops that do not normally contain those genes. | Pharming/Biopharming/molecular pharming |
| A pharming product that contains the provitamin beta carotene which can be converted by the body into vitamin A. This is a genetically modified variety of rice rich in Vitamin A and it was developed for the100 million people who live in developing countries and suffer from Vitamin A deficiency. | Golden Rice 2 |
| Most important group of biotechnological drugs. | Therapeutic proteins |
| What is the first approved therapeutic antibody that is used in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma in 1997? | Rituximab (Rituxin) |
| What is the first synthetic drug? | Aspirin (Acetylsalicyclic acid) |
| A synthetic version of exendin-4, a hormone found in the saliva of the Gila monster. | Exenatide |
| A genus of Actinomycetes which produces salinosporamide, a potent anticancer agent | Salinospora |
| A potent anticancer agent produced by a genus called salinospora | Salinosporamide |
| A protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels | Insulin |
| It is the backbone of every economy | Agriculture |
| A collection of scientific techniques used to
improve plants, animals and microorganisms. | Agricultural biotechnology |
| The practice of growing plants without soil. | Hydroponics |
| The growing of crops in water-based nutrient solutions. | Hydroponic biotechnology |
| The first transgenically modified vegetable approved for
human consumption by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). | Flavr Savr Tomato |
| A gene that causes the decomposition of pectin- a constituent of the tomato fruit cell wall. | Polygalacturonase |
| The application of modern biotechnology to all animals including livestock, poultry, fish, insects, companion animals and laboratory animals. | Animal biotechnology |
| A protein generated in the pituitary glands of cows. | Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) or Bovine Somatotropin
(BST) |
| It helps us in identifying individual genes and proteins of livestocks that control commercially and economically crucial functions such as muscle growth and tenderness to disease resistance and reproduction. | Animal Genomics |
| These are created by modifying a genetic material of the species from another species added to its DNA. | Transgenic animals |
| The study, manipulation and manufacture of ultra small structures and machines made of as few as one molecule was made possible by the development of microscopic tools for imaging and manipulating single molecules and measuring the electromagnetic forces between them. | Nanotechnology |
| The study of chemical elements for the purpose of creating technical or medical devices. It is also called bionanotechnology | Nanobiotechnology |
| Small fraction of DNA that constitutes genes that code for protein synthesis | Exons |
| What do you call to the non-coding regions of DNA | Introns |
