| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus |
| Biosphere | Includes all living things and their environment |
| Ecosystem | All of the different organisms interacting within their environment (within the biosphere) |
| Communities | All given species interacting in the ecosystem |
| Population | A single species from within a community. |
| Organisms | Individuals of the same species from within a population. |
| Organ systems | All the things that work together to make the organism live. |
| Tissues | Make up the organs in organ systems. |
| Cells | Make up the tissues. Smallest unit of life. |
| Organelles | Tiny organisms within the cell |
| Molecules and atoms | Smallest unit of matter. Make up the organelles. |
| What is biology? | The study of life. |
| What is life? | The quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms (living organisms possess certain characteristics). |
| Properties of life (there are 7) | Organization, regulation, growth and development, energy utilization, response to stimuli, reproduction, evolution. |
| Property of life- organized | Living things are both complex and organized. Salt is organized, but not complex so it is nonliving. |
| Property of life- regulation | Living things have homeostasis |
| Homeostasis | The ability of a body of a cell to maintain the stability of its internal environment when dealing with extreme changes. |
| Property of life- growth and development | Increase in the size of cells, the number of cells, or both. Genetic information controls patterns of growth and development in organisms. |
| property of life- energy | Energy powers an organism's metabolism. |
| metabolism | The sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism. Plants and some single-cell organisms capture energy from the sun and all other organisms consume energy. Deep sea hydrothermal vents provide energy to deep sea water. |
| Order from bottom to top of the food chain | (sun),Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, teritiary consumers, quaternary consumers. |
| Property of life- Stimuli | Changes in internal environment (temperature, water, blood sugar) or in external environment (light, sound, chemicals, touch) |
| Property of life- reproduce | Asexual and sexual reproduction |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Acts as an instructional manual to guide construction and operation of the organism's body- genes. |
| Mitosis | Cells, chromosomes, and DNA exchange |
| Evolution (Property of life) | The mechanism by which populations can change over long periods of time. Mutations and changes in DNA of a population contribute, and change accounts for diversity and many features retained from organism to organism. |
| The three domains of life at the broadest level of biodiversity | Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea |
| Eukarya | Cells with membrane-bound (nucleus and organelles). |
| Bacteria | Cells with no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles (single-celled). |
| Archaea | Cells with no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles and usually live in extreme conditions. |
| Kingdoms of Eukarya | Protista (mostly unicellular), Fungi (multicellular), Plantae (multicellular), and Animalia (multicellular). |
| What is natural selection's effect on evolution? | Drives evolution and has resulted in the biodiversity we see today. |
| Natural selection- variation | Characteristics of different individuals in a group vary. |
| Natural selection- Fitness | Some individuals have characteristics that help them survive and reproduce more successfully than other individuals without those characteristics. |
| Natural selection- Heritability | The individuals with the favorable traits have many offspring that are passed down those traits. |
| Natural selection- adaptation | Trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. |
| Behavioral, Morphological, and Physiological adaptation | Behavioral- Grooming or removing parasites, Morphological- Shape or size of your shell, Physiological- Being warm-based and controlling temperature. |
| Countershading- Thayer's Law | Having a lighter belly and a darker top so when you're swimming in the ocean (predator or prey) looking down on you, your dark side will blend in with the water. Looking up at you, your lighter belly will blend with the sun. |
| Artificial selection | The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans. Modifying corn to be resistant against insects or modifying dog breeds. |
| Experiment | A test |
| Type I Error | Found a difference when one does not exist (Blood pressure medication didn't work, but you still found a change in the participants' blood pressure). |
| Type II Error | Effect exists, but it was not found in the experiment (Blood pressure medication did work, but you didn't find a change in the participants blood pressure). |
| Controls | Sections of the experiment in which no variable is changed. |
| Placebo | Something in an experiment that is thought to cause change, however it causes no change and remains constant (often given to the control group). |
| Double-blind study | Neither the experimenter or the participants of the study know which group is the control group or which group is the test group (eliminate bias). |
| Replication | If possible, experiments should be repeated several times. It can then be replicated by others. |
| Simple experiment | Test the hypothesis that a single variable is the cause of the observed phenomenon (must rule out other possibilities and include controls). |
| What is the point of doing a randomized experiment? | To eliminate bias. |
| Steps of the scientific method | Observation, question, hypothesis (prediction), experiment or observation, and conclusion. |
| Inducible defenses | Responses activated through a previous encounter with a consumer or competitor that confer some degree of resistance to subsequent attacks (no need for a hard shell if nothing is trying to eat you). |
| Element | Substance that cannot be broken down or converted to another substance by chemical means. |
| Molecule- basic definition | Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds (can be the same or different). |
| Proton | Positive charge- determines element. |
| Neutron | No charge- determines isotope |
| Electron | Negative charge- Participates in chemical reactions. Outer0shell electrons determine chemical behavior. |
| Nucleus | Consists of neutrons and protons. |
| Isotopes | Variants of a particular element which differ in the number of neutrons although all isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons (Isotopes of carbon- they all have 6 protons, but different numbers of neutrons). Different numbers of protons result in different elements. |
| Half-life | Some isotopes (Carbon14) are radioactive and undergo decay over time at known rates. Living things absorb C-14 during their lives, but stop at death. So the older a fossil is, the less carbon it has. |
| Organization of electrons | The number and organization of electrons determine the chemical behavior of an element. Electrons are organized in shells. The outer-shell is where the action happens. Atoms want to have either 2 or 8 electrons in their outer-shell (this is most stable- atoms will engage in chemical reactions to achieve this state). |
| Noble gases | Do not react with other elements, each has a full outer shell (2 electrons in the case of helium, 8 for others ). Thousands of chemical reactions occur within cells. |
| What do atoms do? | Share or transfer electrons to get to 2 or 8 electrons by forming chemical bonds. |
| Bonds | Attractive forces that hold atoms together in molecules. |
| Ionic bonds | Involve a transfer (donated and accepted) of electrons and form between oppositely charged atoms. |
| Covalent bonds | Involve sharing of electrons and form between uncharged atoms (stronger than ionic bonds). Share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons. Form between non-metallic atoms. |
| Non-polar molecules | When a covalent bond forms between two atoms of the same element (oxygen gas, O2). Atoms are the same, each end or "pole" of the molecule is the same, no charge (H2 or C2). |
| Polar molecule | One atom is larger than the other, more pull to one pole, have a charge (H2O). |
| Electronegativity | When molecules are polar it indicates that one atom is much bigger than the others resulting in a higher electronegativity. Even though electrons are shared, atoms with a higher electronegativity are "greedier." |
| Water molecules | Polar molecule, water molecules attract one another, hydrogen bonds form between water molecules. This explains many properties of water. |
| Cohesion | Water molecules stick to one another. Responsible for trees moving water from their roots to the leaves where photosynthesis occurs (water sticks to each other and moves its way up the tree). |
| Adhesion | Water molecules stick to other polar surfaces. It is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another (water sticks to glass). |
| Properties of water | Has a high degree of surface tension, an extremely good solvent (can dissolve a wide range of substances), can dissociate (changes in pH). |
| Basic pH | pH 7-14. Hydrogen ion is basic- negative charge. Increased OH- in a solution makes the pH basic. |
| Acidic pH | pH 1-7. Hydrogen ion is acidic- positive charge. Increased H+ in a solution makes the pH acidic. |
| Specific heat capacity (specific heat) | The amount of heat that a given mass of a material must absorb to raise its temperature by a specific amount. Water can absorb large amounts of energy without large charges in temperature (high specific heat). Energy is first used to break hydrogen bonds. |
| Carbon | A component of all organic molecules, can form the most amount of bonds, has four binding sites (wants four electrons), bonds with other carbon molecules, bonds with functional groups. Gives diversity to organic molecules. |
| What are carbohydrates? | Sugar- energy storage. |
| What are proteins? | Enzymes, transporters, and receptors. |
| What are Lipids? | Fats- energy, hormones. |
| Monosaccharide | A carbohydrate. One sugar molecule- simple, glucose and fructose, soluble in water- tastes sweet. |
| Disaccharide | A carbohydrate. Two sugar molecules. Sucrose is made of glucose and fructose. Short term energy storage (mostly plants). |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate. Three or more sugar molecules- complex. Long term energy storage. |
| Nucleic acids (organic molecules) | DNA and RNA- data storage. Molecules of heredity. |
| What are the four kinds of organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. |
| dehydration synthesis | loses water |
| Starch | An example of a polysaccharide used by plant cells to store energy. |
| Glycogen | Used by animal cells to store energy and convert it to glucose when it is needed |
| Cellulose | The most abundant organic compound on Earth. It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant and cannot be broken apart by most animals. |
| What are proteins composed of? | Chains of amino acids (structural, storage, contractile, transport, and enzyme proteins). |
| What are Amino Acids? | Building blocks of proteins that is held together in a protein through peptide bonds. The sequence of amino acids determines what protein is made (same basic shape with different functional groups- R groups differ). |
| Is the functioning of a protein dependent only on amino acids? | The sequential order of amino acids is important, but the proper functioning of a protein is dependent on multiple levels of structure. |
| What are the four levels of structure of a protein? | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary structure |
| Primary structure of a protein | Its sequence of amino acids- determines everything else about the protein's final shape. |
| Secondary structure of a protein | Structural motifs that are part of many polypeptide chains (the corkscrew- like alpha helix, or less organized "random coils"). |
| Tertiary structure of a protein | The motifs persist through a set of larger-scale turns that make up the tertiary structure. |
| Quaternary structure of a protein | several polypeptide chains may be linked together in a given protein. Thei configuration frames this structure. |
| What does the change in the protein's amino acids result in? | Changes in a malformed protein at other levels (Hemoglobin forms inflexible that results in "stiff" red blood cells that get stuck in small blood vessels). |
| What are nucleic acids made up of? | Molecules of heredity, composed of nucleotides, messengers, energy carriers, and electron carriers (cAMP, ATP, NAD). |
| DNA structure "Double-helix" | Made up of two strands of DNA strung together- double stranded. Nucleotides are the steps joined by hydrogen bonds. |
| Specificity of DNA structure | A's bind with T's and C's bind with G's. |
| Polymers and monomers | Molecules are composed of a subunit which is formed by a reaction. |
| What are lipids composed of? | Composed mostly carbons and hydrogens. Non-polar and insoluble in water ("like dissolves like," and water is polar). |
| What are the three major groups of lipids? | Phospholipids, steroids, and oils, fats, and waxes. |
| Oils, fats, and waxes | Contain fatty acid subunits (made of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group [-COOH]) and glycerol (a 3-carbon alcohol). Fatty acids and glycerol join together to make a triglyceride. Long term energy storage in plants and animals. |
| How do oils's fatty acids differ from fats's fatty acids? | Oil is liquid at room temperature, some carbons are joined by a double covalent bond, fewer hydrogen atoms are present (unsaturated), and tend to have kinks in the fatty acid chains. |
| How do fats's fatty acids differ from oils's fatty acids? | Fat is solid at room temperature, all carbons are joined by single covalent bonds, remaining bond positions saturated with hydrogen. |
| Hydrogenation | Adds hydrogen and converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats. Makes liquid fats solid at room temperature and creates trans fat, a type of unsaturated fat that is even less healthy than saturated fat. |
| What features are shared by all cells? | Plasma membrane, use of DNA as hereditary information, contain cytoplasm, and obtain energy and nutrients from the environment. |
| Why is cell diffusion a slow process? | Only effective at short distances and O2 molecules take over 200 days to travel 4 inches in cytoplasm. |
| What happens to cytoplasm as cells get larger? | The volume of cytoplasm grows faster than the area of the plasma membrane. Volume increases more rapidly than the surface area. |
| Prokaryotic cells | Smaller (1-5 mm), no membrane bound nucleus, circular strand of DNA, older (came before Eukaryotic cells). |
| Eukaryotic cells | Larger (8-100 mm), membrane-bound nucleus, and DNA in linear chromosomes. |
| What cell is this and label the parts | Prokaryotic cell- A. Pili (attachment structures), B. Ribosomes (synthesize protein), C. Nucleoid (contains DNA), D. Prokaryotic Flagellum (for propulsion), E. Cell membrane, F. Cell wall (provides rigidity), G. Capsule (sticky coating), H. Plasma membrane (encloses cytoplasm) |
| Plasma Membrane (cell membrane) | Layer that separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment, acts as a selective gate keeper (only allows certain materials to pass), and allows the cell to interact with its environment (receptor and transport proteins in the membrane interacts with the external environment). |
| What is the plasma membrane composed of? | Mostly of phospholipids- also cholesterol. Contains embedded proteins of various types (receptor, transport, carrier). The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic. |
| Diffusion | The net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration (molecules are constantly moving). One way things can get in and out of the cell. |
| Osmosis | The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Effects of osmosis on a hypotonic environment | Hypo= less, less solutes outside than inside, water moves in. |
| Effects of osmosis on a hypertonic environment | Hyper= more, more solutes outside and inside, water moves out |
| Effects of osmosis on an isotonic environment | Iso= same, same amount of solutes outside as inside, no net movement of water. |
| Passive diffusion | movement down the concentration gradient with no energy required (i.e. water). |
| Facilitated diffusion | movement down the concentration gradient, aided by a transport protein, no energy required. |
| What is the difference between facilitated and passive diffusion? | Passive diffusion involves smaller molecules, while facilitated diffusion involves a carrier protein because the molecules are bigger. |
| Active transport | Movement against the concentration gradient, pump materials across the plasma membrane, requires and uses ATP as energy. |
| What is the process of passive diffusion? | Moves lipid soluble molecules across the plasma membrane down the concentration gradient with no help or energy. |
| What is the process of facilitated diffusion? | Using a channel moves molecules across the plasma membrane down the concentration gradient with help of a carrier protein but no energy. |
| What is the process of active transport? | Using a carrier moves molecules across the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient, using ATP as a form of energy, and with the help of a carrier protein. |
| Endocytosis | Plasma membrane engulfs a particle and pinches off a vesicle containing the particle (outside to inside the cell). |
| Exocytosis | Vesicle of material merges with the plasma membrane and the contents diffuse out (inside to outside the cell). |
| Role of the nucleus | Nuclear envelop controls the passage of materials (selective barrier like plasma membrane), contains chromosomes (DNA-protein complexes called chromatin), and where ribosome components are made (in the nucleolus). |
| Phospholipids | Triglyceride in which one fatty acid is replaced with a smaller phosphate-containing subunit. The fatty acid portion is non-polar (the tail) and the subunit is polar (the head). |
| Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic | Water fearing vs Water loving |
| The structure of steroids | Four rings of carbon fused together with various functional groups connected (different structure from other lipids). |
| What cell is this and label the parts | Animal (Eukaryotic) cell- A. Centrioles, B. Mitochondria, C. Cytoplasm, D. Plasma membrane (cell membrane), E. Golgi apparatus, F. Endoplasmic reticulum, G. Nucleus, H. Nucleolus, I. Ribosomes, J.Vesicles |
| What cell is this and label the parts | Plant (Eukaryotic) cell- A. Chloroplast, B. Golgi complex, C. Endoplasmic reticulum, D. Nucleus, E. Plasma (cell) membrane, F. Cell wall, G. Ribosome, H. Central vacuole, I. Mitochondria |
| Nucleolus | Site where ribosome components made, darkly-stained portion of the nucleus, consists of DNA, RNA, protein, and ribosomes in various stages of construction. |
| Ribosomes | Site of membrane protein and secreted protein synthesis. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Folded membranes attached to the nucleus and includes Rough ER and Smooth ER. Vesicles bud off to transport products. |
| Smooth ER | Lipid synthesis |
| Rough ER | Ribosomes attached to the outside surface. Site of protein synthesis. |
| Golgi apparatus | Stack of flat membrane sacs that processes materials received from the endoplasmic reticulum. Packages and distributes materials in vesicles. |
| What do the vesicles do in the Golgi Apparatus | Can remain in the cell or fuse with the plasma membrane to send the contents out of the cell. |
| Lysosomes | Vesicles produced by the Golgi Apparatus that contain digestive enzymes. Function is to break down proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and digest excess cellular membranes or defective organelles. |
| Vacuoles | Fluid-filled sacs, can be over 90% of cell volume of plants, stores substances or maintain water concentration of the cell. |
| Mitochondria | "powerhouse of the cell," amount depends on the metabolic activity of the cell (more active cells have more mitochondria than less active cells), site of glucose metabolism and energy production, bound by a double membrane (inner and outer), contains own ribosomes and DNA (can replicate on their own). |
| Chloroplasts | Found only in green plants (contains green chlorophyll), site of photosynthesis, and bound by a double membrane. |
| Photosynthesis | Use light energy to synthesize carbohydrates |
| Cytoskeleton | Protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules), provides shape support and movement (movement of the cell and organelles within), and important for cell division (move the chromosomes when nuclei divide and squeeze the cytoplasm to divide the cell in two). |
| How are cilia and flagella alike? | Slender extensions of the plasma membrane that typically contain microtubules and is used for locomotion. |
| How are cili and flagella different? | Cilia is used for locomotion or to move fluids and is short, many, and move together like oars. Flagella is only used for locomotion and is long, one or few, and move like a propeller. |
| Triglyceride | The building blocks of fats |
| What is the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? | The phospholipid bilayer. |
| What kinds of cells have a cell wall? | Prokaryotic cells and plant Eukaryotic cells |
| The subunits of nucleic acids | Nucleotides |
| What three components make up a nucleic acid? | Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base (pyrimidines and purines), and phosphate group. |
| When a cell is larger how does it effect diffusion? | Diffusion is less efficient when the cell is larger. |
| Fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane | Allows things to move around. This movement helps to maintain a barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell environments. |
| This is an example of what type of bond? | Ionic bond |
| This is an example of what type of bond? | Covalent bond |
| This is an example of what type of bond? | Hydrogen bond |
