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level: Self report

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Self report

QuestionAnswer
Sections in SELF REPORT (results)- Abstract (brief summary) - Introduction (background of research) - Method (type of experiment + process) - Results (descriptive stats + inferential stats) - Discussion - References - Appendices
Random sample definition- Individuals randomly selected to represent an entire group - When everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being chosen
Strengths and weaknesses of random sampling- No sampling bias - Time consuming and difficult
Opportunity sample definition- People who are conveniently around when doing the investigation
Strengths and weaknesses of opportunity sampling- Very convenient method - Bias, not representative
Target population definition- The focus on the participants in the investigation
Self selected sampling definition- Individuals choosing to take part in the investigation
Strengths and weaknesses of self selected sampling- Very convenient method - Bias, not representative
Snowball sampling definition- A recruitment technique where participants are asked to choose other subjects
Strengths and weaknesses of snowball sampling- Very convenient method - Bias, not representative
Why use a mean?- Everyone's scores are counted
Why use a median?- Better when there is an anomaly as it doesn't get counted in final answer
Why use a mode?- Easiest when all the scores are close together
How to write a hypothesis- Clear statement - IV + DV clearly stated
What is a null hypothesis- Written alongside the main hypothesis to complete the prediction
How to write a null hypothesis- There will be no significant difference between scores on condition A and B - Any difference is down to chance
IV definition- Variable that you manipulate
DV definition- Variable that you measure
How can you self-report- Interview - Questionnaire - Surveys - IQ/personality tests - Psychometric tests
Open questions- Multiple answers - Freedom to give answer without limiting response - Qualitative data E.g why do you like going to college?
Closed questions- Could be multiple choice - or yes or no - Very limited options/answers - Quantitative data E.g how did you get to college today? bus walk train
Rating scales- Likert rating scale - Semantic differential rating scale
Likert rating scale- strongly agree, agree, neither, disagree, strongly disagree (statement and 5 options on how they feel about statement)
Semantic differential rating scale- Give line, word on each end e.g. happy/sad Sad —------------------------------X----------------------- Happy
Designing a questionnaire survey- Use closed questions + open questions - Keep questions and instructions clear and easy to understand - Carry out a pilot study first
Strengths of questionnaires- Quick - Can collect large amounts of data - Convenient - researcher does not need to be present
Weaknesses of questionnaires- Social desirability - people say what they think looks good - People may not tell the truth - Postal surveys may have low response rate - Difficult to phrase questions clearly, you may get different interpretations
Different types of interviews- Unstructured - Structured - Semi-structured
Unstructured interviews- No fixed questions - Conversation - Recorded, video or audio, give consent - Usually qualitative data - Not limited - Highly relies on skilled interviewer
Structured interviews- Fixed set of questions - Same questions for everyone - Usually quantitive data - Limited
Semi-structured interviews- Set of questions but allow interviewee to expand their answers - Quantitive + qualitative
Advantages to interviews compared to questionnaires- Allows you to rephrase the question if the person doesn't understand it - Get data straight away, practical - Can be flexiable
Disadvantages to interviews compared to questionnaires- Demand characteristics in interviews, social desirability bias - Questionnaires are less stressful, no pressure if done alone
Validity- The extent to which a measure measures what it is supposed to measure
EXTERNAL validity- Whether the results can be generalised if conducted in a different place, time or with different Ps
Three types of external validity- Population - Ecological - Temporal
Population Validity- Whether the findings from the study can be generalised to the target population, or to different groups of people
Ecological Validity- Whether a test measures behaviour that is representative of naturally occurring behaviour
Face Validity- Does the test look like it measures what it intends to measure?
Temporal validity- Can results be applied to other historical times?
INTERNAL validity- Extent to which a measurement technique measures what it is supposed to measure - Whether the IV really caused the effect on the DV or whether some other factor was responsible
Three types of internal validity- Construct - Concurrent - Criterion
Construct Validity- Does the test measure all aspects of the behaviour?
Concurrent Validity- Comparing current study/test with previously validated study / test of the same nature
Criterion Validity- Can the study/questionnaire predict future behaviour or attitudes?
Reliability- Consistency - The extent to which the findings can be repeated
Types of reliability- Internal - External
Internal Reliability- Consistency of a measure
External Reliability- Extent to which a measure is consistent when assessed over time or across different individuals
Laboratory experiments ADVANTAGES- More control over the variables, increases reliability - As u are more confident that the IV is the only factor influencing the dependent variable
Laboratory experiments DISADVANTAGES- Demand characteristics - Participants may be aware that they are participating in an experiment - Behave differently to how they would typically behave, reducing validity
Field experiments ADVANTAGES- High EV than lab, as the natural settings will relate to real life - Demand characteristics are less of an issue than lab, people more likely to act naturally
Field experiments DISADVANTAGES- Extraneous variables could effect results due to reduced control - Ethical issues, like lack of informed consent - Difficult to replicate, low reliability - Sampling bias, ppts often not randomly allocated to conditions
Quasi experiments ADVANTAGES- High ecological validity – lack of involvement of the researcher - Variables naturally occurring, findings easily to generalise
Quasi experiments DISADVANTAGES- Lack of control over extraneous variables, cannot always assess the effects of the IV, low internal validity - Not replicable, lack of control, so reliability of results cannot be checked
Independent measures design ADVANTAGES- Reduces demand characteristics, ppts only take part in one condition they are less likely to pick up on clues + cues, high internal validity - Reduces order effects, ppts are only tested in one condition so they will not improve through practise or become bored through repetition, high internal validity
Independent measures design DISADVANTAGES- Requires more ppts, expensive - Participant variables as different ppts are being used in each condition - This means that the IV isn’t the only variable to change across the different conditions and therefore a cause and effect relationship cannot be established
Repeated measures design ADVANTAGES- Less ppts required because the same ppts used in all of the conditions, cheap - Reduces ppt variables as same ppts are being used in each condition - This means that ppt variables are kept consistent, providing all other EVs are controlled this means that the only IV changes across the conditions
Repeated measures design DISADVANTAGES- Order effects as ppts take part in all the conditions, more likely to become bored or practiced, measuring unnatural behaviour, lowering internal validity - Demand characteristics, ppts taking part in each condition can help them to guess the aim of the study and therefore change their behaviour, so researcher is not measuring what they intend to measure, low internal validity
Matched pairs design ADVANTAGES- Reduces demand characteristics, ppts only take part in one condition they are less likely to pick up on clues + cues, high internal validity - Reduces order effects, ppts are only tested in one condition so they will not improve through practise or become bored through repetition, high internal validity
Matched pairs design DISADVANTAGES- Requires more ppts, expensive - Participant variables as different ppts are being used in each condition - This means that the IV isn’t the only variable to change across the different conditions and therefore a cause and effect relationship cannot be established