| Which patients do we do ECGs for | Chest pain
Collapse
Palpitations
Dizziness
Shortness of breath |
| What is the systematic approach of interpreting an ECG | Patient details → Name/DOB
Rate
Rhythm
Axis
P wave
P-R interval
QRS interval
Q-T interval
T wave |
| On an ECG, what would atrial fibrillation look like | Absent p waves |
| What are some causes of atrial fibrillation | electrolyte disturbance
Valve disease
Infection
Ischaemic heart disease |
| What are some causes of left axis deviation | Left ventricular hypertrophy --> hypertension |
| What are some causes of right axis deviation | Right ventricular hypertrophy --> COPD etc. |
| If a person has left axis deviation, how would it show on a ECG | Lead I would be positive
Lead II would be negative |
| If a person has right axis deviation, how would it show on a ECG | Lead I would be negative
Lead II could be either |
| What is a normal P-R interval | 0.12-0.2s ( 3-5 small squares ) |
| In the 3 degrees of heart block, what happens to the PR intervals in each | 1st degree heart block --> prolonged PR intervals
2nd degree heart block --> eratic PR intervals, rate of P waves is regular but sometimes QRS complex does not pop up
3rd degree heart block --> no association between PR and QRS complex |
| What does this show>? | A ST depression which could be a sign of oxygen shortage --> angina |
| What does this show? | The first one shows a elevated ST
The second one shows inverted T and pathological Q waves
Both of these can be a sign of myocardial infarction |
| What are some murmurs that can be heard in diastole | Aortic Regurgitation and Mitral stenosis ( ARMSD ) |
| What are some murmurs that can be heard in systole | Aortic stenosis and Mitral Regurgitation ( MRASS ) |
| What is ectopic foci in the atria? | Disorganised electrical signals |
| How can you tell if it is a LBBB or RBBB | For left --> WilliaM ( V1 and V6 )
For right --> MarroW ( V1 and V6 ) |
