| cable-stayed bridge | a type of bridge in which the deck is carried by cables that run diagonally from one or more towers |
| (reduce) congestion | heavy traffic/traffic jams |
| (cut) carbon emissions | (reduce) the release of CO2 into the atmosphere |
| cost overruns | costing more than originally expected |
| paramount | more important than anything else |
| state-of-the-art | cutting-edge |
| advanced | innovate |
| key | Very important |
| encompasses (to encompass) | Includes |
| associated | Related |
| preliminary | Initial |
| artificial | Man made |
| tender | Bid for a contact |
| feasibility | Likelihood of succeeding |
| joint venture | A partnership between two or more parties, usually for one project |
| comprises (to comprise) | Includes |
| prominent | Very noticeable/ visible |
| aesthetic | Appealing/ beautiful |
| resilience | Being able to withstand challenges |
| proposed | Suggested |
| obstruction | Blockade |
| marvel | Wonder |
| milestone | An important development |
| Diagrid | A framework of diagonally intersected beams |
| straight | Aligned/ in line |
| curved | Bend/ rounded |
| zigzag | Full of twists and turns |
| cylindrical | Tubular/ cylinder shaped |
| conical | Cone-shaped/ tapered |
| diagonal | Aslant/ at an angle |
| inclined | Tilted/ at an angle |
| at an angle | In a direction, different from parallel, vertical or horizontal |
| vertical | Upright/ upstanding |
| horizontal | Parallel/ level |
| rectangular | Quadratic/ squared |
| oval | Egg-shaped/ elliptical |
| elliptical | Oval/ egg-shaped |
| tapered | reduce in thickness towards one end |
| approximately | almost |
| rectangular prism | a rectangle in which all of the six sides are rectangular |
| virtually | almost |
| roughly | almost |
| bulge out | swell; become bigger |
| extensive | covering a large area |
| storey | floor; level |
| arch | a curved structure |
| perpendicular | at an angle of 90 degrees to another line or surface |
| hatched | marked |
| plan | the view of a building from above |
| elevation | the view of a building from the front or side |
| solid line | unbroken line |
| broken line | line consisting of smaller lines or dots |
| indicate | show |
| feature | an important quality or part of something |
| compression | Application of two forces on different points of a material |
| impact | Striking it with a hard force over a short period |
| buckling | Temporary bending due to compression |
| thermal shock | Expanding or contracting suddenly because of extreme heat or cold |
| fracture | Breaking into two or more pieces |
| corrosion | Disintegration caused by chemical reaction with oxygen and water |
| metal fatigue | Damage caused by continued loading |
| wear | Removal of surface material by rubbing or friction |
| tension | Pulling or stretching force |
| girder | a large beam with a higher loadbearing |
| gusset plate | plate for connecting beams and girders to columns capacity |
| manual | book(let) that contains instructions |
| (bridge) bearings | component of a bridge that provides a resting surface between the pier and the deck |
| excessive (loads) | extreme |
| withstand | resist |
| increase | grow; become larger in number |
| additional | extra |
| wreckage | debris |
| components | parts of something |
| inadequate | insufficient |
| truss bridge | a bridge in which the loadbearing structures are composed of wooden or metal triangles (known as trusses) |
| alcove | A small room |
| anchored | Attached |
| atrium | A skylit central court |
| carnage | Bloodbath |
| escalator | Moving staircase |
| rod | Bar |
| sound | Logical/ well thought out |
| score | A group of 20 |
| elevated | Raised |
| heap | Pile |
| rubble | Ruins/ remains |
| condo | A building structure where occupants own the apartments instead of rent them |
| marquee | A sign which displays the names of featured stars or attractions |
| minor | Small/ slight |
| swaying | Moving back and forth |
| mains | Electrical wires |
| toiled | Work hard |
| go to great lengths | Put in a lot of effort |
| debris | Ruins/ remains |
| sign off on | Approve of something officially |
| cautionary tale | Story told to warn the listener of danger |
| adhere to | Comply with/ stick to |
| proposal | suggestion |
| outlandish | unusual |
| billboard | a large board on which advertisements are shown |
| familiar | easy to recognize due to resemblance to something already seen or heard |
| dizzying | overwhelming |
| prestige | status |
| ripple effect | growing effect |
| spire | steeple; tall, pointed structure on top of a building |
| submitted | hand in |
| heritage | Legacy/ inheritance |
| narratives | Stories |
| groundbreaking | Revolutionary |
| extended | Stretched out |
| arches | A curved construction |
| delicate | Subtle/ fine |
| tracery | Pattern/ ornamentation |
| facade | Front of a building |
| porticoes | Doorway/ entrance |
| sleeker | Smooth/ streamlined |
| angular | Consisting of straight lines and angles |
| ornamental | Decorative |
| obelisk | Pillar |
| buttressed | Reinforced/ supported |
| crown | Top |
| staple | widely used; common |
| lumber | (processed) wood |
| adjacent | next to |
| restricted | limited |
| timber | (processed) wood |
| generic | general |
| veneer | thin layer of wood |
| to piece together | collect information |
| substantial | extensive; considerable |
| overdue | late |
| to determine | decide |
| prolonged | lengthy; extended |
| to contribute | play a part in; be a reason something happens |
| deterioration | decline; worsening |
| moratorium | pause |
| sewage | waste |
| to rectify | correct |
| condominiums | type of apartment building in which there are also common areas/shared spaces |
| intrusions | invasion; disturbance |
| mandatory | compulsory; required |
| recertification | renewal of a certificate |
| slabs | a thick, flat piece of a solid substance such as stone or concrete |
| reform | improvement |
