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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
what are drugs?imitate substances already present in our nervous system, particularly those that affect transmission at synapse
2 ways that drugs affect transmission at synapse?antagonist agonist
what is an antagonist?blocks neurotransmitter
what is an agonist?increase effects of neurotransmitters, mimic neurotransmitter
high affinity drugs..bind to the receptor
Order of drug stimulation on the release of dopamine1. drug 2. sustained burst of dopamine (inhibitory) 3. inhibit GABA (inhibitory transmitter) 4. increases activity in nucleus accumbens
high efficacy drugs..activate receptor
effects of speed?stimulates dopamine synapses by increasing release of dopamine from presynaptic terminal
effects of cocaine?block reuptake of dopamine, prolonging effects
what are opiates?heroin morphine
how do opiates work?increase relaxation decrease sensitivity to pain mimic endorphins attach to specific endorphin receptors inhibit GABA= increase dopamine blocks hindbrain area= releases norepinephrine (memory storage & stress)
effects of marijuanacontains cannabinoids bind to specific cannabinoids receptors inhibit GABA release cannabinoid receptors abundant in hypothesis= increased appaetite
what is Botox?deadly neurotoxin released by bacteria in decaying body antagonist blocks release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter junction- paralysis small doses used to reduce muscle tremors& cosmetically
sensitisation of nucleus accumbens?becomes more sensitive to substances after repeated use increased ability to release dopamine in response to substance reduced sensitivity to other things
facts about withdrawal?craving for drug relapse causes increased sensitivity user learns drug will relieves distress associated with withdrawal crave drug even more
describe the 2 types of alcoholismtype 1: late onset (after 25) gradual onset equal men & women less severe type 2: early onset (before 25) rapid onset more men than women severe
how do genes effect alcoholism?coding for an increase in risk taking beh. coding for an increased stress response= more likely to relapse after quitting
what is depression?clinical/ major depression feeling extreme sadness & helplessness interfere with daily life twice as common in women than men 5% adults have clinically sig. depression
what causes depression?some heritability relatives more likely to suffer from anxiety, substance abuse, bulimia more common among family of women with early onset depression low serotonin turnover genes controlled serotonin (MAOA) implicated
how does MAOA affect ppl?short & long types having 2 short types= more likely to be depressed in response ton stressful events
postnatal depression20% women 0.1% long lasting runs in families normal reaction after childbirth
2 types of bipolar disorderunipolar disorder bipolar disorder
what is unipolar disorder?varying between normality & depression
what is bipolar disorder?varying between mania & depression
what is mania?restless activity, excitement, confidence increased metabolism treated with limbic salts
what is seasonal affective disorder? (SAD)depression associated with one season (usually winter) common near poles- long nights less severe than major depression light therapy as treatment
what is schizophrenia?split mind refers to division between emotional & intellectual experiences & beh. not related to multiple personality disorder show inappropriate emotional expression
positive symptoms of schizophrenia?delusions hallucinations odd emotional displays thought disorder
negative symptoms of depression?poor social interaction poor speech absent facial expression
neurodevelopmental hypothesis in schizophreniaabnormalities in development of NS before & after birth infections, poor nutrition, complicated delivery slight brain abnormalities
what are ventricles?fluid filled space in the brain
why do brain abnormalities occur?1. ventricles larger, less space for brain cells 2. prefrontal cortex damaged 3. cell bodies smaller in hippocampus & prefrontal cortex 4. less lateralisation than most ppl
what is lateralisation?the development of specialised functioning in each hemisphere of the brain
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?excess activity of dopamine synapses schizophrenia patients have twice as many receptors than other ppl normal levels of dopamine are found when measured
glutamate hypothesis for schizophreniadeficient activity at glutamate synapses related to dopamine- dopamine inhibits glutamate release glutamate activates neurons that inhibit dopamine PCP & angel dust inhibit glutamate receptors & produces similar symptoms to schizophrenia