| What does automation introduce to the socio-technical model? | A new technology/artefact |
| Why is automation so important? | Massive shift towards automation, both physical and cognitive (intelligent washing machines, train routing automation) Physical automation is developing into cognitive automation Simple automation is developing into intelligent systems (make decisions about themselves, robots making decisions on production lines) |
| Why do engineers think about automation? | Building automation (tesla cars) Operational systems (utilites, trains, etc) Manufacturing |
| What does the fourth industrial revolution refer to? | The idea that automated robotics and assembly processes have componetns that are beginging to interact with eachother, robots are becomming intelligent and adapt work to different products on an assembly line. |
| What are some good and bad aspects of automation? | Good Trains getting alot safer Domestic appliances Bad Boing crash (lack of understanding led to crash) Incorrect spell checking |
| What does MABA HABA mean? | Machines are best at, humans are best at. Refers to idea that functions should be allocated according to what robots and humans are best at. (humans good at detection, long term memory, adapting. Machine good at speed, power, repetition, simultaneous operation) |
| What is the problem with HABA MABA? | What happens when we put two together? What happens when the human is out of the loop? (Human gets bored or robot is so fast human doesnt understand) |
| What are some of the ironies of automation? | Workforce skills deteriorate and long term skills don't develop Monitoring is difficult, human can't check in real time. Humans can only monitor for about 15 mins. Too fast for human to check. User is asked to step in at short notice, doesn't know whats going on as they step in. (Automation surprises) User asked to do a task that was best to automate Automation can be de-motivating |
| How do the ironies of automation apply in self driving cars? | Skills deteriorate, long term knowledge doesn't develop; Don't check blind spots, don't look at road surface. People loose ability to navigate, rely on satnav. Monitoring is difficult; Ability to stay focused on driving, driving gets boring. Adaptive cruise control can react faster than human can decide what to do. User asked to step in at short notice; Avoiding a crash and taking control of steering. If sensor malfunctions, can user step in fast enough. User asked to do a task that was best automated; Best to automate motorways but not in a city. Automation can be de-motivating; Really dull to watch a car drive, user not engaged. |
| What are some solutions to the ironies of automation? | Need to think of automation within user centred design framework. Follow rules of user interface (fonts, colour, output graphical representation of what automation is doing not just numbers, etc) Control, think about input mode for automation Make automation errors easy to interpret Navigtion; Need to be able to easily navigate through automation Human-Automation teaming |
| What is Human-Automation teaming? | Trying to combine both as a team A joint cognitive system, controlling a process together Has four principles; Enter into an agreement to work together, Predict eachothers actions, Direct eachother, Help eachother know what is going on. This can be applied to human-human interaciton aswell. |
| What needs to be added to human automation teaming to get it to work? | Heterarchy; both on an equal level Human side. Automation side. Both sides. |
| What can a taxonomy of automation be used for? | Breaks down the levels of automation 0-2, some automation but driver in control 3-5, car is taking control |
| How is the onion model impacted by automation? | Technologies; Automation HMI needs developing People; Skills and expectations. People overestimate the automation ability. Personal physical and virtual Workspace (Imediate work environment); Other vehicles may not be automated. Wider physical and virtual work environment; Has the road been developed to account for automated cars. Finacial and regulatory constraints; INsurance/ liability. Driving tests. Law. |
