| _________ are _____________ such as _______ and _______ that cause _________ _______ in animals and plants | pathogens microorganisms viruses bacteria infectious diseases |
| pathogens depend on their host to... | provide the conditions and nutrients that they need to grow and reproduce. |
| pathogens frequently produce _______ that damage ________ and make us ____ ___ | toxins tissues feel ill |
| pathogens may be ______ ,______,_______ or _______ | viruses bacteria protists fungi |
| pathogens are spread by... | direct contact, water or air |
| ______ and ______ may _________ _______ inside the body | bacteria viruses reproduce rapidly |
| _______ ____ and _________ inside _____, causing ____ ______ | viruses live reproduce cells cell damage |
| measles is a _____ disease showing symptoms of _____ and a ___ ____ ____ | viral fever red skin rash |
| measles can be fatal if complications arise so... | most young children are vaccinated against it |
| measles is spread by __________ of droplets from _______ and _______ | inhalation sneezes coughs |
| HIV initially causes a ___-____ illness. Unless __________ __________ with ______________ drugs, the virus _______ the body's ______ _____ | flu like successfully controlled antiretroviral attacks immune cells |
| HIV is spread by _______ ______ or exchange of ____ _____ such as _____ which occurs when ____ users share _______ | sexual contact body fluids blood drug needles |
| TMV stands for | tobacco mosaic virus |
| TMV is a widespread _____ ________ affecting many _______ of ______ including ________. | plant pathogen species plants tomatoes |
| TMV gives a ________ ______ _______ of _____________ on the ______ which affects the ______ of the _____ due to ____ of ______________ | distinctive mosaic pattern discolouration leaves growth plant lack photosynthesis |
| salmonella food poisoning is spread by ________ ________ in food, or on food ________ in __________ __________ | bacteria ingested prepared unhygienic conditions |
| the symptoms of salmonella are... | fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea |
| gonorrhoea is a ________ ___________ _______ with symptoms of a _____ ______ or _____ ________ from the ______ or _____ and pain when _________ | sexually transmitted disease thick yellow green discharge vagina penis urinating |
| gonorrhoea is spread by ______ _______. the spread can be controlled by ________ with __________ or by using ____________ such as a ______ | sexual contact treatment antibiotics contraception condom |
| rose black spot is a ______ _______ where ______ or _____ _____ develop on ______. it effects the ______ of the _____ as _____________ is _______ | fungal disease purple black spots leaves growth plant photosynthesis reduced |
| rose black spot is spread in the __________ by _____ or ____ and can be treated using __________ and/or ________ and __________ the ________ ______ | environment water wind fungicides removing destroying affected leaves |
| the pathogens that cause malaria are... | protists |
| the malarial ______ has a life cycle that includes the _______ | protist mosquito |
| the spread of malaria is _________ by __________ mosquitos from _______ and by using _______ _____ to avoid being ______ | controlled preventing breeding mosquito nets bitten |
| the skin is a defence against pathogens by _______ ______ ____ _____ of the ____. if it is ___ or ______ it __________ begins to ____ ______, often forming a ____ which ________ ________ as the skin acts as a ________ _______ | covering almost all parts body cut grazed immediately heal itself scab prevents infection physical barrier |
| the nose defends against pathogens by having _______ _____ which act as a ________ _______ to _________. _____ in the nose _______ _____ which _____ _________ before they can _____ the _____. | internal hairs physical barrier infection cells produce mucus traps pathogens enter lungs |
| the trachea and bronchi defend against pathogens in two ways. The _______ cells line the ______ and have _____ called ____ which are much smaller than those in the nose. these cells ____ their _____ moving ______ and ________ upwards towards the _____ where it is _________ into the _______. The ______ cells ______ the ______ which is a ________ ______ in order to ____ ________ | ciliated trachea hairs cilia waft hairs mucus pathogens throat swallowed stomach goblet create mucus physical barrier trap pathogens |
| the stomach defends against pathogens by using stomach acid called ________ ____ which does us no harm but is strong enough to ______ any _________ caught in the _____ or _________ in ____ or _____. stomach acid is a ________ ______ against ________ | hydrochloric acid destroy pathogens mucus consumed food water chemical barrier infection |
| white blood cells help to defend against pathogens by 1)the production of antibodies which _________ ______________ by clumping them together ready for 2)phagocytosis which ______ and _________ pathogens and 3)antitoxins which __________ a specific _____ | immobilises pathogens ingests eliminates neutralise toxin |
| how can the spread of pathogens be reduced on a large scale | vaccination |
| vaccination involves introducing _____ quantities of ____ or ______ forms of a ________ into the body to stimulate the _____ blood cells to produce __________ | small dead inactive pathogen white antibodies |
| if the same pathogen re-enters the body the ______ _____ _____ respond quickly to produce the correct _________, preventing _________ | white blood cells antibodies infection |
| antibiotics such as penicillin are _______ that help to cure _______ _______ by killing _______ ______ inside the body. | medicines bacterial disease infective bacteria |
| specific bacteria should be treated with ______ antibiotics | specific |
| antibiotics can't... | kill viral pathogens |
| painkillers and other medicines are used to treat the _________ of disease but do not ____ _________ | symptoms kill pathogens |
| drugs that kill viruses often also damage the _____ ______ | bodys tissues |
| traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.
the heart drug digitalis originates from _________
the painkiller aspirin originates from ______
penicillin was discovered by ________ _______ from the ___________ _____ | foxgloves willow Alexander Fleming penicillium mould |
| why are new drugs tested and trialed | to check they are safe and effective |
| new drugs are extensively tested for ________, ________ and ____ | toxicity efficacy dose |
| clinical trials use ______ volunteers and patients
Very ___ doses of the drug are given at the start of the _____ trial
If the drug is found to be ____, further ______ trials are carried out to find the _______ ____ for the drug
In double blind trials, some patients are given a _______ | healthy low clinical safe clinical optimum dose placebo |
| ethical issues of monoclonal antibodies
create more ____ ______ than expected
they are not yet as ______ ____ as everyone hoped when they were first developed | side effects widely used |
| plant disease can be detected by
_______ ______ (sg)
_____ __ ______ (sol)
_____ __ _____ (aod)
_______ (g)
_________ _____ __ ______ (msol)
______________ (d)
___ ________ __ _____ (tpop) | stunted growth spots on leaves areas of decay growths malformed stems or leaves discolouration the presence of pests |
| plant examples
viral disease = _______ ______ _____
fungal disease = _____ ____
insect = _____ | tobacco mosaic virus black spot aphids |
| plants physical defence response to resist invasion of microorganisms
________ ____ ____ (ccw)
______ ____ ________ on leaves (twc)
layers of ____ _____ around stems eg. ____ on trees, which fall off (dcw) | cellulose cell wall tough waxy cuticle dead cells bark |
| plants chemical defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms
__________ ________ (ac)
_______ to _____ __________ (pdh) | antibacterial chemicals poisons deter herbivores |
| plants mechanical adaptations to resist invasion of microorganisms
_____ and _____ to _____ _______ (thda)
_______ which _____ or ____ when _______ (ldct)
_______ to trick animals (m) | thorns hairs deter animals leaves droop curl touched mimicry |
