| At what degree and unit of Temperature will the pH of pure water be 7.0? | 25 degrees Celsius |
| Vegetable oil has no pH since it does not contain | Water |
| Most accurate way of measuring the pH of a solution is using a | pH meter |
| Bleach, after measuring its pH, is classified as a strong | Base |
| Identify the buffer solution or agent if it has a pH of 5.22 | Acetic acid |
| Give an example of equipment that uses buffer solutions in its calibration | pH meter |
| What glassware was used to prepare an accurate desired volume of buffer solution? | Volumetric flask |
| This sour in taste where litmus paper changes from blue to red | Acid |
| This bitter in taste where litmus paper changes from red to blue | Base |
| It is an acid/base that ionizes completely in aqueous solution. It completely dissociate in water forming H+/H30+ or OH- and an ion | Strong Acid/Base |
| It is an acid/base that ionizes partially in aq solution. It partially dissociate in water forming H+/H3O+ or OH- and an ion | Weak Acid/Base |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The strength of an acid or base is not related to its concentration | True |
| It refers to how much acid/base is dissolved in water. | Concentration |
| A ______ acid/base will completely ionize but can still be diluted | Strong |
| Small amt of acid per unit of vol | Dilute Acid |
| large amt of acid per unit of vol | Concentrated |
| it produces H+ ions/H3O+ in aq solution | Arrhenius acid |
| produces OH- in aq solution | Arrhenius Basic |
| According to him, they are proton donors | Bronsted-Lowry Acid |
| According to him, they are proton acceptors | Bronsted-Lowry Base |
| According to him, they are electron pair acceptor | Lewis Acid |
| According to him, they are electron pair donors | Lewis Base |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Hydrogen ion does exist in water; rather, hydronium ion, H3O+ is not present | False |
| Acid that can give up two protons | Diprotic Acid |
| Acid that can give up three protons | Triprotic Acid |
| Acid that can give up only one proton | Monoprotic Acid |
| TRUE OR FALSE: is HCl triprotic | False |
| TRUE OR FALSE: is H2CO3 diprotic | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE: is HI monoprotic | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: is H2C2O4 triprotic | False |
| It is the reaction of proton transfer | Acid-base reaction |
| Is a substance formed when base accepts a proton (dagdag H+) | Conjugate Acid |
| Is a substance formed when an acid donates a proton to another molecule or ion (bawas H+) | Conjugate Base |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The conjugate base of this acid H2SO4 is HSO4-2 | False |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The conjugate base of this acid NH4+ is NH3 | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The conjugate acid of this base OH- is H2O | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The conjugate acid of this base HCO3- is H2CO3 | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The conjugate acid of this base CO32- is H2CO3 | False |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The stronger the acid, the weaker and less reactive its conjugate base; the stronger the base the weaker and less reactive its conjugate acid. | True |
| What does pH stands for? | Potential of Hydrogen |
| It is the numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of aq solution | pH |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Low pH values correspond to high concentrations of H+ | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: High pH values correspond to low concentrations of H+ | True |
| What this the pH value of neutral? | 7 |
| TRUE OR FALSE: A pH value of below 7 is basic | False |
| TRUE OR FALSE: A pH value of above 7 is acidic | False |
| Made by soaking with a mixture of pH indicator and compare the color using the chart | pH paper |
| An accurate instrument that can read to the nearest hundredth of a unit | pH meter |
| A substance that changes color at certain pH | pH indicator |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The weaker the acid, the smaller its Ka but the larger its pKa. | True |
| A solution whose pH changes very little when H3O+, H+ or OH- are added to it | Buffer Solution |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Most common buffers consist of approximately equal molar amounts of weak acid and a salt of the weak acid (conjugate base) | True |
| Buffers can be also considered as __________ | Shock absorbers |
| It is the amount of hydrogen or hydroxide ions that a buffer can absorb without a significant change in its pH | Buffer Capacity |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Increase in H+/H3O+, pH decreases | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Increase in OH-, the pOH decrease | True |
| It is a mathematical relationship between pH, the pKa of a weak acid, and the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base | Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
| The average pH of human blood is ___ any change larger than 0.10 pH unit in either direction may cause illness | 7.4 |
| In blood buffers, the most important in the system is the | Carbonate Buffer |
| In blood buffers, the second most important in the system is the | Phosphate Buffer |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Almost all proteins can function as buffers | True |
| It is a multi-subunit globular protein (metalloprotein), which has a quaternary structure-four globin subunits arranged in a tetrahedral structure | Hemoglobin |
| A pathological conditions wherein overproduction of acid in the body fluids or the pH falls below 7.35 and a pH below 7 is fatal | Acidosis |
| A pathological conditions wherein excessive blood alkalinity in the fluids or the blood pH rises above 7.45 and a pH above 7.8 is fatal | Alkalosis |
| It is caused by excessive loss of HCO3 from the blood that can caused by renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, shock, severe diarrhea | Metabolic Acidosis |
| It is caused by a buildup of CO2 in the blood that can caused by hypoventilation, drug overdose, pulmonary edema, airway obstruction | Respiratory Acidosis |
| It is caused by a low level of CO2 in the blood that can caused by hyperventilation, anxiety, fever | Respiratory Alkalosis |
| It is caused by a loss of acid from the blood that can caused by loss of gastric juices, overuse of antacids | Metabolic Alkalosis |
| What will happen if an acetate buffer was added by HCl or NaOH, will it change the pH? or Retain? | Retain |
| Identify the orange structures below: | Lysosome |
| Identify the structure | Golgi Apparatus |
| Identify the organelle shown below | Mitochondrion |
| Identify the dark circular structure below | Nucleus |
| Identify the blue structure below | Rough ER |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The mitochondrion is believed to be a eukaryotic cell engulfed by a prokaryotic cell | False |
| What is the function of the image below? | It is involved in protein folding, quality control and dispatch |
| It means "before nucleus" | Prokaryote |
| What organelle is not found in a plant cell | Centriole |
| It is a jelly-like matrix that surrounds the nucleus and is bounded by cell membrane | Cytoplasm |
| Identify the blue structure | Cytosol |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell is found in its nucleus | False |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All cells have a cell membrane | True |
| It digests obsolete components of the cell itself, it destroys the cell after it has died, and it degrades material taken up from outside the cell | Lysosome |
| It is the major site of protein synthesis | Rough ER |
| What eukaryotic cell structures does not contain DNA? | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| It means "a small room" | Cell |
| TRUE OR FALSE: In 1665, Robert Hooke, an English scientist, made an improved microscope and viewed thin slices of cork. He named what he saw "nucleus" | False |
| What is the function of the image below? | It provides the cell with energy |
| This organelle breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and alcohol | Peroxisomes |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The cytoplasm is the fluid portion of the protoplasm | False |
| It is a semi-permeable structure that forms closed compartments around cellular protoplasm | Cell membrane |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Cells are the fundamental unit of life | True |
| It is the study of cell structure and activity | Cytology |
| English Physicist that published his Micrographia, and made improved microscope and discovered cells in cork | Robert Hooke |
| A German Botanist cofounder of the cell theory, defined the cell as the basic unit of plant structure | Matthias Jakob Schleiden |
| A German Physiologist who founded modern histology, defining the cell as the basic unit of animal structure, concluded that all living things are made up of cells | Theodore Schwann |
| A German Pathologist, aka Father of modern Pathology and founder of social medicine, proposed an important extension of cell theory | Rudolph Virchow |
| This cell lacks nucleus and membranous organelles | Prokaryotic Cell |
| A eukaryotic cell that has no nucleus | Red Blood Cell |
| CELL: It is the largest structure, controls metabolic activities of the cell, contains DNA blueprint, stores and maintain the cell DNA | Nucleus |
| CELL: A double-layered membrane enclosing the nucleoplasm, regulates movement of materials in and out of the nucleus | Nuclear Envelope/Membrane |
| CELL: Tiny channels which allows communication with the cytoplasm | Nuclear pores |
| CELL: It is the protoplasm of the nucleus | Nucleoplasm |
| CELL: It is the spherical body, regulates cellular functions, condensed region of chromosomes where ribosomal RNA is being synthesized | Nucleolus |
| CELL: Cell structure where proteins are synthesized, floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum | Ribosomes |
| CELL: Tightly compacted DNA-protein complex within a chromosome | Chromatin |
| CELL: Thread-like structures that contains hereditary information (genes), packaging material that hold DNA and proteins together, has 23 pairs of this organelles | Chromosomes |
| CELL: Formerly referred to as protoplasm, living substance of the cell. Jelly-like matrix that surrounds the nucleus and is bounded by the cell membrane | Cytoplasm |
| CELL: Also known as intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix. It is the liquid or aqueous part of cytoplasm which contains water, free proteins and other substances. Major part of cellular metabolism takes place | Cytosol |
| CELL: Helps maintain cell shape, responsible for internal movement of cell organelles, locomotion and muscle fiber contraction. | Cytoskeleton |
| CELL: Also known as "small organs" organized or specialized structures within a living cell. | Organelles |
| CELL: A system of interconnecting tubules, vesicles, and flattened sacs called cisternae, concerned with intracellular transport, circulatory system of the cell. | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| CELL: This ER has no attached ribosomes, and a site for cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis, involved in transport of fatty acids and other lipids. | Smooth ER |
| CELL: This ER has ribosomes, and is the major site of protein synthesis. | Rough ER |
| CELL: Also known as chondriosomes, and it is the powerhouse of the cell where it release energy for the cell. ATP generation happens in this matrix | Mitochondrion |
| CELL: Also known as dictyosomes, transports substance to and from the cell, modifies, packages, and transport proteins. | Golgi Apparatus |
| CELL: Also known as suicide bags, surrounded by a single membrane and contains powerful enzymes capable of digesting or breaking down all organic materials. | Lysosomes |
| CELL: self digestion | Autolysis |
| CELL: digestion of cells | Autophagy |
| CELL: programed cell death | Apoptosis |
| CELL: Lipid metabolism and catabolism, detoxification of alcohol and other toxic compounds | Peroxisomes |
| CELL: Temporary storage spaces, stores food, water and waste materials | Vacuoles |
| CELL: Also called the microtubule organizing center, it is duplicated during S phase of the cell cycle, it is involved in cell division | Centrosomes |
| CELL: Made up of a ring of nine groups of microtubules | Centrioles |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All membranes are phospholipid bilayers with embedded proteins | True |
| Embedded in the cell membrane and have a pore for materials to cross | Channel Proteins |
| Can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other | Carrier Proteins |
| Transport proteins that require energy to do work | Protein Pumps |
| This transport requires energy or ATP and goes against the concentration gradient | Active Transport |
| This transport does not require energy and goes with the concentration gradient | Passive Transport |
| It is the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, and requires no energy | Diffusion |
| It is the diffusion of water across a membrane and moves from high water concentration to low water concentration | Osmosis |
| A solution whose solute concentration is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell. | Isotonic |
| A solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell | Hypotonic |
| A solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell | Hypertonic |
| It is the process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane | Dialysis |
| This diffusion does not require energy, and uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration, molecules will randomly move through the pores in Channel Proteins | Facilitated Diffusion |
| Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane | Exocytosis |
| Large molecules move materials into the cell | Endocytosis |
| Referred to as cell drinking | Pinocytosis |
| Referred to as cell eating | Phagocytosis |
| It is the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules | Surface Tension |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Lime Soda on Molisch Test | Positive, Formation of a purple product at the interface of the two layers |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Sucrose on Fehling's Test | Negative, No change or reaction |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Fructose on Tollen's Test | Positive, converted to glucose and mannose under alkaline conditions |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Galactose on Nylander's Test | Positive, it turns yellow orange |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Cellobiose on Iodine Test | Negative, no change |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Glucose on Seliwanoff's Test | Negative, turns blue to blue-green or yellow green appearance |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Ribose on Bial Orcinol Test | Positive, formation of blue color |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Maltose on Benedict's Test | Positive, formation of red color |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Milk on Molisch Test | Positive, deep purple color |
| SPECIFIC REACTIONS OF CARBS: Cellulose on Iodine Test | Positive, the appearance of a blue-black or purple color |
| A test that requires precision for the detection of carbohydrates | Molisch Test |
| A test used to differentiate between reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, is a mild oxidizing agent that is used to oxidize aldehydes and hydroxyl ketone | Tollen's Test |
| One of the most common tests used for the estimation or identification of reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar | Fehling's Test |
| A type of chemical test used to determine the presence of reducing sugars | Nylander's Test |
| A chemical test used to distinguish mono or disaccharides from certain polysaccharides like amylase, dextrin, and glycogen | Iodine Test |
| A chemical test which differentiates between Aldose and Ketose sugars | Seliwanoff's Test |
| A chemical test for the presence of pentoses | Bial Orcinol Test |
| This test identifies reducing sugars (monosaccharides and some disaccharides), which have free ketone or aldehyde functional groups | Benedict's Test |
| Positive result for Molisch | Violet ring at junction |
| Positive result for Moore's Test | Brown solution with caramel odor |
| Positive result for Fehling's Test | Reddish-brown ppt - cu ion |
| Positive result for Tollen's Test (silver mirror test) | Reddish-brown ppt - cu ion |
| Positive result for Nylander's Test | Black ppt/Black Sol'n - Bi ion |
| Positive result for Benedict's Test | Reddish-brown ppt - cu ion |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All carbohydrates (mono to poly) will give a positive result to Molisch's Test | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All carbohydrates (mono to poly) will give a positive result to Anthrone Test | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All mono and disaccharide reducing sugars will give a positive brick red ppt/reddish brown ppt result to Fehling's Test | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All mono and disaccharide reducing sugars will give a positive black solution/ black metallic ppt to Nylander's Test | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All mono reducing sugars will give a positive brick red ppt. result within 3 mins, disaccharides brick red ppt will form after 3 min onward on Barfoed's Test | True |
| In alpha glycosidic linkage, the glycoside bond is | Down |
| In beta glycosidic linkage, the glycoside bond is | Up |
| The difference between starch and cellulose is their | Glycosidic bonds |
| Starch structures have ___ glycosidic bonds | Alpha |
| Cellulose structures have ___ glycosidic bonds | Beta |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All pentoses will give a positive blue-green solution result to Bial's Orcinol Test | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All sugars containing Ketone functional group will give a positive cherry-red solution result to Seliwanoff's test | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All sugars containing galactose will give a positive white crystals result to Mucic Acid Test | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All reducing sugars will give a positive yellow crystal result to Osazone Test | True |
| The main energy source of the body is | Carbohydrates |
| Most important source of energy | Glucose |
| The process in which sugars (glucose) are converted into usable energy (ATP) | Cellular Respiration |
| Stored form of glucose in animals | Glycogen |
| Hormone that moves glucose from blood into the cells (glycogen form) | Insulin |
| Stored form of glucose in plants | Starch |
| Plants produce glucose and starch as a result of ____ | Photosynthesis |
| Those that contain the ketone group are called | Dihydroxyacetone |
| H-C=O is? | Aldehyde |
| C-C=O is? | Ketone |
| The prefix _ is used when the -OH group is drawn on the right side of the carbon chain | D |
| The prefix _ is used when the -OH group is drawn on the left side of the carbon chain | L |
| A substance that rotates plane polarized light in a clockwise direction | Dextrorotatory |
| A substance that rotates plane polarized light in an anti-clockwise direction | Levorotatory |
| TRUE OR FALSE: All naturally occuring sugars are D sugars | True |
| These are called "simple sugars" basic carbohydrate unit (monomer) and cannot be further hydrolyzed into smaller units under mild conditions. Have a characteristic sweet taste and are soluble in water. Ends with -ose | Monosaccharides |
| It is the presence of glucose in the urine | Glycosuria |
| It is the most abundant monosaccharide, white crystalline solid, soluble in water, insoluble most organic liquids. Commonly known as dextrose or grape sugar. | Glucose |
| It is an isomer of glucose that is present in some glycoproteins and glycolipids | Galactose |
