| At the beginning of translation, the start codon is | in the p-site of the ribosome. |
| A gene contains the code for | a protein |
| 3.There is ----- which has an anticodon corresponding to any of the stop codons. | no tRNA |
| RNA polymerase binds to | the core promoter |
| Genome | An organism’s complete set of DNA. |
| CHROMOSOME | One or more unique pieces of DNA. Chromosomes vary in length and hundreds of millions of base pairs and hundreds to thousands of genes. |
| GENEA | specific sequence of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce a protein. |
| The Central Dogma of Biology | DNA -> RNA -> Protein |
| Transcription- | (DNa) to Rna processing |
| Transcription and Translation | is from DNA to mRNA and Translation is from mRNA to protein |
| How to use a genetic code | First covert Dna to mRNA and then locate the 3 letters(AUG-Met) |
| Gene Structure | The promoter-siginals the startCoding Region-contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence Terminator- signals the end of transcription |
| Alternative splicing- | One gene can make several different proteins |
| mRna processing | 1.transcription2Capping 3Splicing4Tailing |
| mRNA structure - | coding region, start codon, stop codon, 3’ and 5’ untranslated region” |
| tRNA structure | (anticodon, amino acid site,mRna and condon |
| what can be much more harmful than substitutions because they can alter the reading frame for the rest of the gene. | Insertions and deletions |
| Silent – | the same amino acid is coded for |
| Missense – | the amino acid is changed to another amino acid |
| Nonsense – | the codon is changed to a stop codon |
| Insertion and Deletion mutations – | Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides |
| If not in multiples of three (GAU GA) | frameshift mutation |
| Things that cause mutations | Errors in Dna replication, Toxic metabolic products and change in nucleotide structure .-Carcingoens,UV radiation and X-rays |
| Mutations in other regions than the coding region of genes | In promotor/enhancer region ,Intron |
| somatic | changes to your DNA that happen after conception to cells other than the egg and sperm. |
| Germline mutations | are changes to your DNA that you inherit from the egg and sperm cells during conception. |
| A point mutation in the
hemoglobin β gene(missense) | leads to Sickle Cell Trait |
| Nonsese causes | Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) cause walking problem |
| Deamination | the removal of an amino group from a molecule. |
| UV Radiation | Causes Thymine Dimers |
| Transposons | are samll segemt of DNA that can insert in the genome and may inactive the gene |
| 1.Chemical agents | (like cigarette) cause change in DNA structure |
| 2.physical agents | Like Uv light & x-ray can damage DNA |
| Given a “normal” and transcribe and translate them and tell what kind of mutation is present | TCA GAt CTG GTC
AGU CUA GAC CAG
Ser Leu Asp Gln |
| “mutated” DNA sequence, how to transcribe and translate them and tell what kind of mutation is present | AGU CUA GAA CAG
Ser Leu Glu Gln
Missense |
