| What are the three things you need to consider before designing an effective research question? | How your assumptions guide your focus, phrasing, implications |
| Consequentialism | Argues rightness and wrongness depends on the consequences of the action |
| Deontology | Argues some things are right and wrong regardless of outcome |
| Operationalism | The process of turning an abstract idea into a measurable concept |
| What is the difference between nominal, ordinal and interval data | Nominal (Categorical: gender), Ordinal (High, medium, low), Interval (Age, Temperature) |
| Descriptive stats | Stats that summarise the data collected in a study |
| Inferential stats | Allow you to make sense of patterns in your data |
| List the measures of central tendence | mean, median, mode |
| Standard deviation | Distance between points and the mean |
| Interquartile range | Difference between upper and lower quartiles |
| Normal distribution | Function representing distribution of variables as symmetrical bell-shaped graph |
| Skewed distribution | Representation of scores that lack symmetry |
| Experimental designs | establish cause and effects between variables |
| correlational designs | predict associations or relationships between naturally occuring variables |
| Two-tailed hypothesis | When your hypothesis has no direction |
| One-tailed hypothesis | Your hypothesis predicts a direction in the results |
| Null hypothesis | Predicts that two samples are from the same population and any differences between them is purely due to sampling error |
| How do you calculate Standard error? | SE = SD/√n |
| How do you know if your experiment has worked? | You find enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis |
| Statistical significance | Calculates the probability the results obtained are due to sampling error and not experimental manipulation. The smaller the probability, the more significant the difference. |
| Effect size | Calculates the difference between the conditions in real time |
| t-test | Allows you to tell whether there is a statistically significant difference between two conditions |
| When is an independent t-test used? | When your experiment is a between-participants design |
| When is a repeated-measures t-test used? | When your experiment is a within-participants design |
| What is the formula for a t-test? | t=difference between group means/standard error of difference in means |
| What assumptions must be met for a t-test to be reliable? | Assumption of normality, homogeneity of variance, independence and data must be interval. |
| How do you write up an independent t-test in APA format? | t(12)=3.45,p<0.05,d=0.67 |
