| Vitamin B12 is typically low in this population: ___________ | Elderly |
| What are the 2 only active types of vitamin B12 in humans? | Methylcobalamin
5 Deoxyadenosylcobalamin |
| Benefits of using cyanocobalamin for supplementation (3) | high stability
Cost Effectiveness (Biggest benefit)
Safety of use |
| RDA for male and females | 2.4 mcg/d |
| RDA for pregnancy and lactation | 2.6 mcg/d
2.8 mcg/d |
| One of the only B/water soluble vitamins that is significantly __________ | stored |
| Vitamin B12 is stored in the __<where>____ for ___<insert time span>___ | liver
3-5 years |
| Vitamin B12 sources (3) | Meat
Dairy/eggs
Fortified foods |
| Vitamin B non-meat sources include ________ and _________ . They are not reliable sources | Mushrooms
Nori |
| What are the highest sources of vit b12? (2) | Shellfish
Liver |
| Food processing foods decrease absorption by ________% | 50% |
| Vitamin B12 doesn't like to be by itself so it always binds to a __________ | new protein |
| Vitamin B12 mostly gets absorbed in the __________ | illeum of the small intestine |
| The 4 steps of vitamin B absorption:
1) Detached from protein by ___________
2) Then vitamin B binds to __________ found in _______
3) Once in small intestine, vit B bonds to _________ made by __________
4) Then, vit B binds to ________ at this step, _______ is needed | 1) HCl or Pepsin
2) R-protein, Saliva
3) Intrinsic Factor, Parietal Cells
4) IF receptor @ cell, Calcium |
| What is metformin used for? | Treatment of DM2, PCOS, MS |
| Metformin decreases absorption of vitamin B12 because it effects the levels of __________ | Calcium |
| R-protein is in the ________, but is called _________ and ________ once in the blood stream | Stomach
transcobalamin 1
Haptocorrin |
| Vitamin B12 claim (2) things. | Energy
Weight loss
NOT a direct correlation |
| Vitamin B12 binds to __________ and _________ I, II, III in the blood. Which one is the most common binding? | Haptocorrin (most common)
TC (transcobalamin) |
| Once in the cell, vitamin B12 gets split from a protein by the _________. B12 then binds to ___________ | Lysosome
Chaperone Protein |
| B12 coenzymes: (2) | Methione Synthase
L-Methylmalonyl CoA Mutase |
| Methione synthase is important because: | Converts homocysteine to methionine |
| L-Methylmalonyl coA Mutase is important for: | The Krebs Cycle |
| Vitamin B12 takes methyl group from ______ and give it to ____________ and turn it into ____________ | Folate
Homocysteine
Methionine |
| Which form of folate is the one we need: TH4, 5-Methyl TH4 | TH4 |
| What is the folate trap | Donation and movement of methyl group |
| Importance of S-Adenosylmethione (SAM) (5) | DNA Methylation
Antioxidants
Creatine
Carnitine
Melatonin
SAM makes CC MAD |
| Which antioxidants does SAM help to upkeep? (2) | Taurine
Glutathione |
| Homocysteine isn't bad unless..... | Too much for too long |
| Homocysteine is regulated by: (4) | B2
B6
B9
B12
*Cereal has all of these |
| B2 name: | Riboflavin |
| B6 name: | Peridoxyl |
| B9 name: | Folate |
| B12 name: | Cobalamin |
| Homocysteine damages the ________ of arteries by increasing _________ and decreasing _________ | Endothelium
Oxidative stress
Elasticity |
| ___________ -> Methylmalonyl coA -> ___________ when L-Methylmalonyl coase is present. | Propionyl coA
Succinyl coA |
| L-Methylmalonyl coA turns into __________ if no L-methylmalonyl Coase is present. This is bad because just like Homocysteine, _____ for _______ is bad | Methlyl malonic acid.
too much
too long |
| Oxidation of ________, ________, _______, and _________ makes propionyl CoA | Methione
Isoleucine
Threonine
odd # FA |
| What is succinyl coA good for? | Krebbs cycle |
| B12 does not directly affect the myelin sheath, but __________ because of ________ will! | Byproducts
deficiency |
| B12 is is stored ______ in the liver, ______ in the muscles, and the rest in the bones, kidney, heart and brains. | 1/2
1/3 |
| What are the 2 main deficiency byproducts of vitamin B | MMA
Homocysteine |
| What are the 3 causes of Vitamin B12 deficiency? | Malabsorption
Diet
Medications |
| What kind of malabsorption diseases decrease Vitamin B12 absorption? | Crohns
SIBO |
| What diets increase risk for vit b12 deficiency? | Vegans
Wt loss surgeries |
| What 2 medications increase risk for vitb12 deficiency? | Metformin
PPIs |
| What two types of anemia can come from vitamin B12 deficiency? | Megaloblastic
Pernicious |
| Folate can also cause _________ anemia. Of mistaken, folate can be given instead of B12. This is bad because _______ and _______ will increase (deficiency byproducts), and this can cause _________ | megaloblastic
MMA
Homcysteine
Nerve damage |
| Signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency? (5) | Fatigue
Breath shortness
Heart palpitations
Decrease concentration
Parasthesia |
| What are 4 neurological symptoms that can occur because of vit b12 deficiency?
*Neurological symptoms from vitamin B12 deficiency may be irreversible! | Clumsiness
Poor coordination
Abnormal gait
numbness/pain in extremities |
| Disease risks (for Vit B deficiency) (6) | Neural tube defect
CVD
Bone health
Cognitive decline
ARMD
Frailty/disability |
| When ______ is low, it inhibits vitamin B12 absorption | Ca |
| Low ________ requires more vitb12 to be consumed | iron |
| Adults over the age of _______ are recommended to take a supplement or eat fortified foods | 50 |
| Vitamin B supplement should be taken by itself and in reasonable doses because ______ and _______ can break down vit B12, and the more vitamin B that is in the supplement, the more _________ decreases | Cu
Vitamin C
% absorption rate |
