| Newman suggested 4 factor... | -Zone of territorial influence - creating a zone of ownership e.g fence and hedge
-Opportunity for surveillance - intruders can be spotted
-Image- building lack personality , adding image adds ownership and privacy.
-Milieu - the surroundings of the building in open spaces e.g courtyard |
| What concept did Newman introduce | Defensible spaces |
| What is the Broken Window's theory? | if there is a broken window in a building it allows people to see the building to be damages and invites criminal behaviour |
| What is Zero tolerance policy? | policing that leads to all crime being treat/punished in the same way |
| Which theory supports which debate . Individual vs Situational | situational - broken windows theory - environment is responsible
individual - zero tolerance - police and criminal |
| Summary of the key research by Wilson and Keiling | Safe neighbourhoods - broken window theory does impact crime . increased foot patrols officers made the community feel safer also lead to foot patrol officers having more job satisfaction
The change role of the police - pattern of policing led to urban decay for example in ww2 they were more foot patrol officers prevented crime more, and less patrol cars more public transport |
| Maintaining order | Maintaining order - foot patrol officers got to know the community and worked with the community to make them feel more supported |
| Conclusion of wilson and keiling reseach | broken window theory explains relationship between low level and serious crime
public order should be created and maintained by community and police |
| Evaluation of the key research by Wilson and Keilling | Useful - apply the pratical application to real life to prevent crime
Validity - secondary data - bias's could lead to lack of validity and is subjective
temporal validity as crimes have changed
Zimbardo research was in Bronx and California high eco v |
| Applications for Crime prevention | - Neighbourhood watch schemes - collectively defending tertitary supports Newman's and wilson and keiling findings |
