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level: Long-term Memory and the Amnesias

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level questions: Long-term Memory and the Amnesias

QuestionAnswer
What did further studies show that patients with anterograde amnesia preserved what types of non-declarative memories?Intact classical and operant conditioning. Intact priming effects. Normal habituation and sensitisation.
What are the two types of long-term memory (LTM)?1. Declarative memory (explicit) 2. Non-declarative memory (implicit)
What is declarative memory?"knowing what, why where & when". Facts, events, locations, autobiographical knowledge. Personally experienced events. Hippocampal-dependent (medial temporal lobes (MTL)).
What is non-declarative memory?"Knowing how". Motor skills (e.g. riding a bike). Cognitive skills (e.g. reading). Non-hippocampal dependent.
What did Endel Tulvig propose?Declarative memory can be sub-divided into to episodic and semantic memory systems.
What is episodic memory?Knowledge of personally experienced events. When/where memories (temporally dated & spatially located). Contextualised memory. "Mental time travel".
What is semantic memory?General knowledge of facts about the world and yourself. What/why memories. Abstract knowledge.
How is declarative memory is revealed?Explicit memory tests.
How is non-declarative memory tested?Implicit memory tests. Tests do not require description of contents of the memory, but rather reveal memory processes indirectly (implicitly) through observed changes in performance. E.g. gradual perfection of a motor skill.
What are the subdivisions of non-declarative memory?1. Procedural memory 2. Priming 3. Classical conditioning (associative learning) 4. Operant conditioning (associative learning) 5. Non-associative learning (habituation and sensitisation)
What is procedural memory?Learning and performance of motor and cognitive skills.
What is priming?Change in ability (improvement) as a result of prior exposure to that stimulus, or a related stimulus.
What are the two types of priming?1. Repetition priming - prior exposure to a word 2. Associative/semantic priming - prior presentation of a related work
What type of priming is the following: Prior presentation of the word “nurse” facilitates subsequent identification of the word “doctor”.Associative/semantic priming.
What is the following an example of: Learning to attend to a neutral stimulus because it has become associated with a meaningful stimulus.Classical conditioning
What is the following an example of: Learning to produce/avoid a behaviour because it has become associated with rewarding/punishing consequencesOperant conditioning
What is the following an example of: Learning to ignore a stimulus because it is trivial (e.g., screening out background noise)Habituation
What is the following an example of: Learning to attend to a potentially threatening stimulusSensitisation
What is amnesia?Deficits in memory caused by brain damage, disease, drug abuse, or psychological trauma.
What are the two forms of amnesia?1. Retrograde amnesia 2. Anterograde amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia?Inability to remember knowledge before the brain injury. Usually temporally graded.
What is anterograde amnesia?Inability to recall anything since the time of the brain injury. Inability to learn new information.
Which psychologists studied amnesia?Scoville and Milner (1957).
What is the temporal gradient on retrograde amnesia?Oldest (lifetime) memories are less susceptible to amnesia. Only the memories most recently acquired before the illness/accident are affected.
What is the effect of bilateral removal of the hippocampus? What does this indicate?Severe anterograde amnesia. Indicated that these structures must be crucial for the consolidation of new declarative information.
What is the hippocampus crucial for?Retrieval of consolidated episodic memories, but not for semantic memories.
What is procedural learning?Learning a new motor skill
Patients suffering from amnesia can show very selective memory deficits. What does this provide evidence for/support?Dissociations between memory systems: Between short-term and long-term memory. Between declarative and non-declarative memory. Between semantic and episodic memory systems.
What did H.M experience?Could not recall events of his life up to a year prior to the surgery. Could not learn new knowledge. Could learn the mirror tracing track.
What did further studies show that patients with anterograde amnesia preserved what types of non-declarative memories?Intact classical and operant conditioning. Intact priming effects. Normal habituation and sensitisation.