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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.	Peptide Bond
is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.	Glycosidic Linkages
is a type of non-covalent bond that forms between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.In a hydrogen bond, the hydrogen atom acts as a bridge between two electronegative atoms.	Hydrogen Bond
Characteristics of Peptide bond	it is planar (the atoms in the bond lie on the same plane) It is achiral ( does not have a mirror image) It is relatively rigid It is polar It is good hydrogen bond donor
Major constituent of Cartilage and other connective tissue Most abundant protein	Collagen
Characteristic of Resins	Hard, transparent or translucent
compounds containing two or more peptide bonds give a characteristic PURPLE COLOR when treated with dilute copper sulphate in alkaline solution.	Biuret Test
The color formed is due to the reaction of protein with alkaline copper in the reagent	Folin –Ciocalteu Test
all amino acids, except proline and hydroxyproline, react with triketonhydrindene hydrate (“ninhydrin”) to form the next lower aldehyde, with the liberation of carbon dioxide and ammonia and the production of a BLUE COLOR Strong ammonia compounds, amines, most peptides, and most proteins react in the same way, although they do not yield carbon dioxide and ammonia	Ninhydrin Reaction
This reaction depends on the presence of the monohydroxy-benzene derivatives, such as tyrosine and phenol. This reaction does not take place satisfactorily in the presence of chloride or ammonium ions.	Millon’s Reaction
this test involves the nitration of the benzene nucleus in the protein molecule. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and to some extent, tryptophan, are responsible for this reaction.	Xanthoproteic Reaction
refers to the phenomenon where the addition of salts to a solution causes the precipitation or separation of solutes, typically proteins or other large molecules. It occurs due to the disruption of the solute-solvent interactions, leading to a decrease in solubility and subsequent precipitation.	Salting Out
Properties of Alkaloids	Basic, Bitter taste, Heterocyclic structure. are naturally occurring organic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms, frequently in a heterocyclic ring, which possess marked physiologic activity