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level: Organic reactions and reaction pathways

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Organic reactions and reaction pathways

QuestionAnswer
What are the two properties of saturated compounds?single bond and undergo substitution reactions
What are the two properties of unsaturated compounds?double or tripple bonded and undergo addition reactions
What does Markovnikov’s rule state?In the addition of a protic acid to a carbon-carbon double bond, the hydrogen atom goes to the carbon with more hydrogens, and the halogen atom goes to the carbon with fewer hydrogens.
State the acid-base properties of carboxylic acids.Carboxylic acids are organic compounds with acidic properties due to the presence of a carboxyl group (COOH), which can donate a proton (H+) in solution
Through a chemical equation, demonstrate that esterifcation is a reversible reaction (between an alcohol and carboxylic acid).Esterification: Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid ⇌ Ester + Water Example: Ethanol + Acetic Acid ⇌ Ethyl Acetate + Water (CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O)
State the acid-base properties of amines.Amines are organic compounds that can act as both bases, accepting protons (H+) to form ammonium ions, and as weak acids, donating protons from the nitrogen atom.
Determine the primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in halogenoalkanes.Halogenoalkanes: Primary carbon (bonded to halogen), Secondary carbon (connected to one primary carbon), Tertiary carbon (attached to two other carbons).
Determine the primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols.Alcohols: Primary carbon (linked to hydroxyl group), Secondary carbon (connected to one primary carbon), Tertiary carbon (bonded to two other carbons).
Explain the reaction of nitriles to form amines and alkenes to form alkanesThe reaction of nitriles to form amines involves reduction of nitriles with hydrogen gas (H2) and a metal catalyst (e.g., LiAlH4 or NaBH4), while the reaction of alkenes to form alkanes is through hydrogenation using hydrogen gas (H2) and a metal catalyst (e.g., Pt, Pd, or Ni).
What two compounds are formed via condensation reactions?esters and amides