level: Level 4
Questions and Answers List
level questions: Level 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reduce extracellular fluid volume Natriuresis and decrease in intravascular volume Reduce preload on heart Dietary sodium intake restriction | Diuretics |
| Loop diuretics: Also increase K+ excretion | furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide- inhibit Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter in the ascending loop of Henle to increase Na+ and water delivery to distal tubule |
| Thiazide Diuretics: Act on Na+Cl- co-transporter in distal convoluted tubule | chlorthiazide, hydrochlorthiazide- limited value in CHF |
| Other drugs used in CHF | 1 Diuretic therapy and Na+ restriction play an important role in reducing extracellular fluid volume. Diuretics relieve symptoms of heart failure more rapidly than any other oral agent and along with digoxin are first-line drugs for the treatment of CHF. 2 Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents may be used in CHF to improve cardiac function by inducing vasodilation through both direct and reflex actions. |
| are abnormalities in the rate, regularity, or site of origin of the cardiac impulse, or a disturbance in the conduction of the impulse such that the normal sequence of activation of atria and ventricles are altered. | Cardiac arrhythmias |
| Arrhythmias may be due to : | 1 Faulty impulse initiation 2 Faulty impulse conduction 3 Combination of the above |
| Drugs used in cardiac arrythmias | 1 Sodium Channel Blockers (Procainamide) 2 Beta Blockers (Esmolol) 3 Potassium Channel Blockers (Amiodarone, Dofetilide) 4 Calcium Channel Blockers (Verapamil) 5 Miscellaneous Group (Adenosine, K, Mg) |