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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
is a significant approach to the overall advancement of the healthcare community. broad and complex. is the process through which potential new medicines are identified.	Drug Discovery and Development (DDD)
any chemical that produces a change in the body agent intended for use in diagnosis, mitigation, tx, cure or prevention of disease in humans or animals	Drug
3 main routes by which drugs were discovered	1 Chemistry- driven approaches 2 Target-directed approaches 3 Accidental clinical discoveries
3 main phases of creation of a New Drug:	1 Drug Discovery - from therapeutic concept to molecule 2 Drug Development - from molecule to registered product 3 Commercialization - from product to therapeutic application to sales
a process which aims at identifying a compound therapeutically useful in curing and treating disease. This process involves the identification of candidates, synthesis, characterization, validation, optimization, screening and assays for therapeutic efficacy.	Drug discovery
entire process of taking a newly discovered compound or drug through regulatory approval to the point of marketing. new drug or compound should adhere to high standards in the conduct, analysis and interpretation of preclinical and clinical studies	Drug Development
a highly diversified approach for drug discovery which involves the observation, description and experimental investigation of indigenous drugs and their biologic activities that is based on botany, chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and other disciplines (anthropology, archaeology, history, and linguistics) contributing to the discovery of natural products with biologic activity. 'the interdisciplinary scientific exploration of biologically active agents traditionally employed or observed by man’. The subject is mainly concerned with the observation, description and experimental investigation of biological activity and the active substance of plants and animals used in traditional medicine of past and present cultures	Ethnopharmacology
resulting in the isolation of psilocybin from psychoactive mushrooms.	Robert Gordon Wasson [1898–1986] and Albert Hofmann [1906–2008] Wass up Hofmann?
They established Molecular Ethnopharmacology.	Luis Lewin [1850–1929], Carl Hartwich [1851–1917], Alexander Tschirch [1856– 1939], Richard Evans Schultes [1915–2001] CARL
Drugs developed based on ethno pharmacological studies	1 Aspirin (Bark of willow tree) 2 Artemisinin (Artemisia annua L.; Chinese plant) 3 Quinine (Cinchona; first antimalarial)
NATURAL PRODUCT DRUG DISCOVERY This involves screening mixtures of compounds obtained from plant extracts or from microbial broths.	Activity profiling of extracts
NATURAL PRODUCT DRUG DISCOVERY natural products act as a starting point for the search of active agents in new medicines. In order to match the natural material to its corresponding enzyme, scientists mimic nature by either introducing chemical residues into areas of biological relevance	Biology-oriented synthesis
a term used generally to describe the legal practice by pharmaceutical companies exploiting the indigenous people’s traditional knowledge of medicine	Pharmaceutical biopiracy
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of sickness or infirmity. is a dynamic state of wellbeing characterized by physical, mental and social potential which satisfies the demands of life commensurate with age, culture and personal responsibility.	Health
A condition which alters or interferes with the normal state of an organism and is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host’s systems, parts or organs (Churchill’s Medical Dictionary, 1989). A morbid entity characterized usually by at least two of these criteria: recognized aetiologic agents, identifiable groups or signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomical alterations 9stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 1990). Potential insufficient to satisfy the demands of life as outlined by Bircher.	Disease
Models for Studying Diseases	1 Cell cultures 2 Cross-species studies 3 Bioinformatics 4 Biomarkers 5 Proteomics