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level: Level 9 - part 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 9 - part 2

Question	Answer
❖ Semi-solid system consisting of either suspension made up of a small inorganic particles or large organic molecules that are interpenetrated by liquid ❖ Can have single phase and two phase system ❖ Usually used to administer drugs topically or into our body cavities ❖ Contains gelling agent that is usually <10% that is between 0.5-2% range	Gels
➢ Consist of organic macromolecules that are uniformly distributed throughout the liquid in such a manner that there is no boundaries existing between them and the liquid PREFERRED: semi-solid state (particularly used in ointments and grims), high degree of clarity, ease of application, and ease of removal and use quickly absorbed by our skin that is why it is more preferable preferred mostly in skincare products since they will not clog the pores unlike ointments that are very heavy that it will cause clogging of pores and more pimples	Single Phase Gels
Single Phase Gels ex.	1(Ophthalmic preparation) Pilocarpine 2 Carbachol 3 (Topical preparation) Betamethasone valerate
1 Ophthalmic preparation (Tx for glaucoma) 2 (Used to decrease the pressure in the eye for people with glaucoma and to constrict the pupils during the cataract surgery)	1 Pilocarpine 2 Carbachol
Topical preparation (Used as anti-inflammatory and antipruritic; Very potent corticosteroid) Topical preparation for burn therapy, anti-inflammatory treatment, muscuskeletal disorders, and acne Lubricant	Betamethasone valerate
➢ Suspended particles are much larger and consist of floccules of distinct particles ➢ These are gels and magmas which exhibit colloidal dispersion, tyndall effect (Can scatter the light), thixotrophic (They form semi-solid on standing and become liquid when agitated) (GIVE EXAMPLE)	Two Phase Gels (AKA Milk) ex. Aluminum Hydroxide Gel (Used as an antacid)
Example of two phase gel (Used as an antacid)	Aluminum Hydroxide Gel
❖ Liquid or semi-liquid preparations which contain one or more active ingredients in a vehicle Can be suspensions of solids in aqueous medium and some are emulsions or solutions Intended to be easily applied in an unbroken skin without any friction May contain methylcellulose or sodium carboxyl methylcellulose, glycerin and alcohol (GIVE EXAMPLE)	Lotions
Lotions examples	Calamine Lotion USP and White Lotion
usually contain anesthetics, antipruritics, antiseptics, astringents, germicides, protectives, screening agents (sunblock), and treatment for skin diseases	Dermatologist-Prescribed Lotion/Medicated Lotion
LOTIONS (promotes localized effect by holding the ingredients together when it comes in contact with the affected site; Can be rinsed off easily with water)	methycellulose
LOTIONS 1 (humectant which keeps the skin moist for a considerable period of time) 2 (gives cooling effect)	. 1 sodium carboxyl, glycerin 2 alcohol
➢ Two-phased system ➢ Prepared by combining two immiscible liquids. ➢ One of which is dispersed uniformly throughout the other ➢ Both of the dispersed phase and dispersing medium is a liquid ➢ Immiscible liquids that are immiscible to each other - are employed either orally or topically, they can prepare water in oil preparation for more occlusive and emollient effect. - It can also be removed easily with water. - It can also be for parenteral but it depends on the ingredient and application	EMULSION
3 Phases of Emulsion	1 Dispersed phase 2 Dispersion medium 3 Emulsifying agent
1 - Internal phase or continuous phase - Dispersed in a small droplet 2 - External phase or discontinuous phase 3 - Breakdown the dispersed phase into small droplet in order to incorporate or mix in the dispersion medium - For the stability of the preparation	1 Dispersed phase 2 Dispersion medium 3 Emulsifying agent
Advantages of Emulsion	❖ Poorly water-soluble drugs easily incorporated with improved dissolution rate and bioavailability ❖ Unpleasant taste or odor of oils masked partially or wholly, by emulsification ❖ Absorption rate and permeation of medicaments can be controlled ❖ Absorption may be enhanced by the diminished size of the internal phase ❖ Formulation and technology for organ targeted delivery is available. ❖ Various particle sizes of the internal phase can be achieved by preparation technique, from microemulsions to nanoparticles ❖ Water is an expensive diluent and a good solvent for the many drugs and flavors that are incorporated into an emulsion
oil (dispersed phase), aqueous solution (dispersion medium)	Oil in water emulsion
water (dispersed phase), oil (dispersion medium)	Water in oil emulsion
Formulation of EMULSIONS	1. Internal phase 2. External phase 3. Emulsifier 4. Antioxidant 5. Humectant – prevent the drying up of emulsion 6. Preservatives, colorants
➢ give more stable emulsion ➢ droplet diameter of the dispersed phase is 10- 200 nm ➢ the two layers do not separate ➢ translucent or transparent in color	Microemulsion
➢ contains even smaller droplets that are miscible with continuous phase	Multiple emulsion
Formed better by lipophilic, nonionic surfactants using acacia ❖ The aqueous phase is in between the 2 oil phase	O/W/O:
formed better by nonionic surfactants in a two-stage emulsification procedure ❖ The internal and external aqueous phase are separated by oil phase ❖ We can add a nonionic surfactant by using two stage emulsification procedure ❖ In order to make o/w/o system, it has two stage process. First, make a primary emulsion with w/o then add to the aqueous phase ➢ primary emulsion from ispopropyl mysristate (47.5%), sorbitan monooleate (2.5%), and distilled water to 100%, then the primary emulsion (50%) is added to a polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (2%) solution in water ➢ the emulsifier used are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic because it has water and oil	W/O/W system: