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level: Axial Muscles

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Axial Muscles

Question	Answer
Include the skeletal muscles of the trunk and tail	Axial Muscles
Extend forward beneath the pharynx as hypobranchial muscles and muscles of the tongue	Axial Muscles
Present in orbits as extrinsic eyeball muscles	Axial Muscles
Are metameric (segmented appearance created by the epaxial and hypaxial muscles)	Axial Muscles
Are segmental because of their embryonic origin; arise from segmental mesodermal somities	Axial Muscles
Axial musculature consists of a series of segments (______) separated by ______.	myomeres, myosepta
Serves as origins and insertions for segmented muscles	Myosepta
Are divided into dorsal and ventral masses by a horizontal septum that extends between the transverse processes of the vertebrae.	Myomeres
Above the septum	Epaxials
Below the septum	Hypaxials
These septa separate the myomeres of the 2 sides of the body	Middorsal, midventral septa
Midventral septum if called	Linea Alba
Tetrapods, like _____ have epaxial and hypaxial masses; these retain some evidence of metamerism even in the highest tetrapods	fish
Are elongated bundles that extend through many body segments and that are located below the expanded appendicular muscles required to operate the limbs	Epaxials
True/False: Hypaxials of the abdomen have a myosepta and do not form broad sheets of muscle	False. They have myosepta and form broad sheets of muscle
True/False: Hypaxials are not oriented into oblique, rectus, and transversus bundles.	False. They are oriented into oblique, rectus, and transversus bundles.
Lie along vertebral column dorsal to transverse processes and lateral to neural arches	Epaxials of tetrapods
Extend from base of the skull to tip of the tail	Epaxials of tetrapods
In these tetrapods, epaxials are obviously metameric and are referred to as the ______.	Urodeles and some lizards, dorsalis trunci
Superficial epaxial bundles form long muscles that extend over many body segments; deep bundles are still segmented	Higher tetrapods
Longest bundles are	Longissimus group Iliocostalis group Spinalis group
Lies on transverse processes of vertebrae; includes the longest epaxial bundles	Longissimus group Subdivisons: longissimus dorsi, cervicis, capitis
Lateral to longissimus and spinalis; arises on ilium and insertes on dorsal ends of ribs or uncinate processes	Iliocostalis group
Lies close to neural arches; connects spinous processes or transverse processes with those several vertebrae anteriorly	Spinalis group
Invertebral, remain segmented, connect processes (spinous, transverse, and zygapophyses) of adjacent vertebrae	Shortest bundles
Muscles that form longitudinal bands in roof of body cavity (subvertebral muscles) Muscles of lateral body wall: oblique (external & internal), transverse, rectus muscles	Hypaxial muscles
True/False Oblique and transverse muscles: In Modern Amniotes: - ribs developed in myosepta along entire length of the trunk - urodeles still have myosepta the length of the trunk (but ribs no longer form in all of them)	False
True/False Oblique and transverse muscles: In Modern Amniotes: - myosepta and ribs are restricted to the thorax (so abdominal muscles are not segmented) - hypaxials form 3 layers: external & internal oblique, transverse (in the thorax region: external & internal intercostals which play an important role in respiration, and transverse muscle)	True
Weakly developed in most fish; stronger in tetrapods	Rectus muscles
Support ventral body wall and aid in arching the back	Rectus muscles
In mammals, this typically extends from the anterior end of the sternum to the pelvic girdle	Rectus muscles
Underneath and against transverse processes of vertebrae	Sub vertebral muscles
Includes the psoas and iliacus in the lumbar region and the longus colli in the neck; less developed in the thorax and none in the tail	Sub vertebral muscles
True/False In function, short epaxials of tetrapods does not perform same function as in fish (side-to-side movements of vertebral column)	False. They perform same function.
True/False The function of epaxials of tetrapods (short and long bundles arch) support the vertebral column	True
True/False The function of epaxials of tetrapods (most anterior bundles) is not attached to and move the skull	False. They are attached to and move the skull.
True/False The function of hypaxials of tetrapods (terrestrial urodeles) is used chiefly for swimming.	False. It is aquatic urodeles.
True/False The function of hypaxials in tetrapods (terrestrial urodeles) is to assist in locomotion	True
True/False Function of hypaxials in other tetrapods is reduced in volume compared to fish because of shift in mode of locomotion; now support contents of abdomen, assist in respiration (especially intercostal muscles), and assist epaxials in bending vertebral column (rectus muscles).	True
True/False: Hypobranchial and tongue muscles (FISH): Hypobranchials extend forward from pectoral girdle and insert on mandible, hyoid, and gill cartilages	True
True/False: Hypobrachial and tongue muscles (FISH): Hypobranchials strengthen floor of pharynx and assist branchiometric muscles in elevating floor of mouth, lowering jaw, and extending gill pouches	True
True/False: Hypobracial and tongue muscles (TETRAPODS): Hypobranchials stabilize and move hyoid apparatus and larynx	True
True/False: Hypobranchial and tongue muscles (TETRAPODS): The tongue of amniotes is a 'sac' anchored to hyoid skeleton and filled with hypobranchial muscle	True