| Why is Metabolism essential for life? | Anabolism and catabolism require or release energy, Energy stored in adenosine triphosphate fuels the work of all body cells |
| Metabolism | The chemical reactions by which large compounds, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, are broken down into smaller units the body can use. Also refers to the assembly of smaller units into larger compounds |
| Anabolism | The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones |
| Catabolism | The breakdown, or degradation, of larger molecules to smaller molecules |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | A high-energy compound made up of the purine adenine, the simple sugar ribose, and 3 phosphate units; it is used by cells as a source of metabolic energy |
| What chemical reactions are fundamental to metabolism? | In condensation and hydrolysis reactions, water reacts with molecules, In phosphorylation reactions, molecules exchange phosphate, In oxidation-reduction reactions, molecules exchange electrons |
| Hydrolysis | A catabolic process by which a large, chemically complex compound is broken apart with the addition of water, A chemical reaction that breaks down substances by the addition of water |
| Phosphorylation | The addition of 1 or more phosphate groups to a chemical compound |
| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | Reactions in which electrons are lost by 1 atom or molecule (it is oxidized) and simultaneously gained by another (it is reduced) |
| What is the primary site of ATP production and when does ATP release energy? | Mitochondria, When the phosphate bonds break |
| What chemical reactions are fundamental to metabolism? | Enzymes mediate metabolic reactions |
| CoEnzymes | Organic (carbon-containing) cofactor; many coenzymes are derived from B-vitamins |
| CoFactors | A small, nonprotein substance that enhances or is essential for enzyme action; trace minerals such as iron, zinc, and copper function as cofactors |
| How is Energy extracted from Carbohydrates? | In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle begins with the entry of acetyl CoA, Oxidative phosphorylation captures energy as ATP |
| Glycolysis | A sequence of chemical reactions that converts glucose to pyruvate |
| Lactic Acid | A 3-carbon compound produced from pyruvate in oxygen-deprived conditions |
| Acetyl CoA | Metabolic intermediate resulting from the reaction between coenzyme A, which is derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid, and 2 carbon acetate; sometimes referred to as acetyl coenzyme A |
| TCA Cycle | Repetitive series of 8 metabolic reactions, located in cell mitochondria, that metabolizes acetyl CoA for the production of carbon dioxide, high-energy GTP, and reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 |
| Electron Transport Chain | A series of metabolic reactions that transports electrons from NAHD or FADH2 through a series of carriers, resulting in ATP production |
| Acetyl CoA is a result not only of the metabolism of Carbohydrates (Glucose) but also of… | fatty acids, amino acids, alcohol |
| How is Alcohol metabolized? | Through oxidation, Begins in the stomach |
| Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) | An enzyme that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde in the first step of alcohol oxidation |
| Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) | An enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate |
| Consuming 5+ drinks on 1 occasion (men) and 4+ drinks (women) | Binge drinking |
| Oxidizes alcohol at a constant rate of about 1 drink/hour | Liver |
| Can lead to cirrhosis in the liver | Chronic alcohol abuse |
| Accumulation of excess fluid in the abdominal cavity | Ascites |
| How does alcohol dehydrogenase impact the consumption of alcohol between genders? | ADH reduces alcohol absorption, Women typically have less ADH therefore, they don’t oxidize as much alcohol in their stomachs, leaving more to be absorbed (reason for 1 drink vs 2) |
| How is energy stored? | The energy of dietary glucose is stored as muscle and liver glycogen, The energy of dietary triglycerides is stored as adipose tissue, The energy of dietary proteins is found as circulating amino acids |
| How are macronutrients synthesized? | Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose, Lipogenesis is the synthesis of fatty acids, The synthesis of amino acids |
| What hormones regulate metabolism? | Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and thyroid hormones. They control energy production, storage, and expenditure in the body. |
| Gluconeogenesis | The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as glucogenic |
| Lipogenesis | The synthesis of free fatty acids from nonlipid precursors, such as ketogenic amino acids or ethanol |
| Insulin | A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to increased blood levels of glucose; it facilitates uptake of glucose by body cells |
| Glucagon | A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood levels of glucose; it stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream and transported to cells for energy |
| How do feeding and fasting affect metabolism? | Metabolic responses to feeding, Metabolic responses to short-term fasting, Metabolic responses to prolonged starvation |
| What metabolism mechanics occur during fasting? | Triggers gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, and lipolysis. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, ketogenesis generates ketone bodies from fatty acids, and lipolysis breaks down stored fats for energy. |
| What metabolism mechanics occur during feeding? | Refers to the processes by which the body breaks down and converts food into energy for various bodily functions. |
| A profile of nutrients involved in energy metabolism | Thiamin (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin, Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), Biotin |
| A profile involved in energy metabolism | Iodine, Chromium, Manganese |
| What are some significant sources for chromium, iodine, and manganese? | Chromium: mainly from chromite ore; Iodine: found in seawater and salt deposits; Manganese: primarily from pyrolusite ore. |
| What happens if we don’t consume enough thiamin? | Can lead to beriberi, a condition characterized by weakness, fatigue, nerve damage, and heart problems. |
| What happens if we don’t consume enough B6? | Impaired cognitive function, Skin inflammation, Anemia, Weakened immune system, Depression, Fatigue |
| What happens if we don’t consume enough niacin? | Can lead to pellagra, causing symptoms like dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Essential for energy metabolism. |
| Beriberi | A disease caused by thiamin deficiency, characterized by muscle wasting and nerve damage |
| Pellagra | A disease that results from severe niacin deficiency |
| Flushing | The act of removing residual substances from a system, such as flushing out toxins from the body or flushing a radiator to remove old coolant. |
| What would be a use for supplemental niacin? | Lowers Cholesterol: Niacin helps increase "good" HDL cholesterol and reduce "bad" LDL cholesterol, aiding heart health, Treats Pellagra: Niacin deficiency disease causing skin, digestive, and mental symptoms. |
| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland; can be caused by iodine toxicity or deficiency |
| Cretinism | A unique form of mental impairment that occurs in infants when the mother experiences iodine deficiency during pregnancy |
