| What are the 4 stages of attachment according to Shaffer? | Asocial, Indiscriminate, Discriminate, Multiple |
| What behaviours characterise the asocial stage of attachment? | .Similar responses to all objects, animate or inanimate
.Reciprocity and interactional synchrony help establish a relationship with others
.Begin to show greater preference for social stimuli towards end of period |
| Between what ages is the asocial stage of attachment? | From birth to 2 months |
| What behaviours characterise the indiscriminate stage of attachment? | .Become more social and prefer human company to inanimate objects
.Can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people
.Do not yet show stranger anxiety/can be comforted by anyone
.Enjoy being with people (general sociability) |
| At what age is the indiscriminate stage of attachment? | 4 months |
| What behaviours characterise the discriminate stage of attachment? | .Shows stranger anxiety
.Shows separation anxiety
.Form a specific attachment to primary attachment figure |
| Shaffer and Emerson found that the primary care figure will be the person who does what? | Responds quickly and sensitively to the infant's signals (shows sensitive responsiveness). |
| What percentage of children will have their mothers be their primary caregiver (sole and joint)? | 65% sole / further 30% joint |
| What percentage of children will have their fathers be their primary caregiver (sole and joint)? | 3% sole / 27% joint |
| Name the 2 key caregiver-infant interactions. | Reciprocity and interactional synchrony |
| Name 4 behaviours shown by infants when attached to a primary care giver. | Proximity seeking, secure base behaviours, clinging, separation anxiety |
| Define reciprocity in terms of caregiver-infant interactions.. | A description of how two people interact; the caregiver and infant respond to each other's signals/eliciting responses from each other. "Taking turns/two way". |
| Define interactional synchrony in terms of caregiver-infant interactions. | Caregiver and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a coordinated (synchronised) way. |
| Define attachment. | The strong emotional bond/relationship between two people, it is a reciprocal (two way) process that endures. Leads to behaviours such as proximity seeking and clinging. It serves the purpose of protecting an infant. |
| What did Meltzoff and Moore (1977) find in terms of interactional synchrony? | Infants ages 2-3 weeks imitated facial expressions of adults, this supports that interactional synchrony help form attachments. |
| What was the aims of Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) study in attachment? | To investigate the development of attachment, including the age at which infants become attached, who they attach to and whether its possible to develop multiple attachments. |
| What was the procedure of Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) study in attachment? | .Longitudinal study on 60 Glaswegian infants over first 18 months of their lives
.Visited the children at monthly intervals in their own homes and observed their interactions with their caregivers
.Mothers were interviewed about the infant's behaviour in relation to separation and stranger anxiety |
| What were the findings of Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) study in attachment? | .First attachment usually formed between 6 + 8 months
.Mother was main attachment figure for 65% of the children at 18 months old, 3% of the infants developed primary attachment to their father |
| Evaluation points of the validity of Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) study into interactional synchrony. | . - internal validity: mothers might be more/less sensitive to infant's protests so may report higher/lower distress
. + ecological validity: research conducted in homes and infants don't recognise they're being recorded so don't respond to demand characteristics and reactions would e mostly reflective of real life
. - temporal validity: in '64 women = stay at home etc. now they work more + paternity leave means that the %'s of the main attachment figures may be different
. - population validity: Sagi et al (1994) found that multiple attachments were more common/didn't have as close relationship with birth mother in collectivist societies |
