| What researcher studied attachment in goslings? | Lorenz (1935) |
| Outline key points of Lorenz's procedure when studying attachment is goslings. | .He randomly divided gosling eggs into 2 groups; one group stayed with their mother and the other were kept in a incubator to hatch
.Incubator group: Lorenz was the first living being they saw
.When all hatched, the groups were marked and then mixed |
| What were the key findings of Lorenz's research? | .Goslings quickly divided up; incubated ones followed Lorenz and showed no recognition of natural mother
.Observed a critical period; if young animal not exposed to a persistently moving object within the first 2 days of birth, it wont imprint at all |
| What researcher studied attachment in Rhesus monkeys? | Harlow (1959) |
| Outline key points of Harlow's procedure when studying attachment is Rhesus monkeys. | .2 wire mothers with different heads, one wrapped in soft cloth
.8 infant rhesus monkeys studied over 165 days, 4 with bottle on cloth/wire mother
.Monkeys exposed to frightening mechanical teddy bear
.Amount of time spent with each mother was observed |
| What were the key findings of Harlow's research? | .All monkeys spent more time with cloth mother, regardless of whether or not it had a bottle
.Those fed by wire mother quickly returned to cloth mother afterwards
.When frightened monkeys clung to cloth mother
.When playing with new objects monkeys kept one foot on cloth mother for reassurance |
| Name some long term effects of Harlow's study on the Rhesus monkeys. | Socially abnormal, sexually abnormal (had to be artificially inseminated), didn't cradle own infants/violent towards own infants |
| Explain the sensitive period observed by Harlow. | Infant monkeys could recover if exposed to peers before 3 months old, but wouldn't recover if didn't have any exposure to other monkeys for more than 6 months. |
| Name and define the long term effects of Lorenz's study on the goslings. | Imprinting - an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother that is irreversible and long lasting.
Sexual imprinting - animals choose to mate with the same type of object upon which they were imprinted. |
| Evaluation points into animal studies of attachment in terms of internal validity and generalisability. | . - Harlow: The cloth mother had a more attractive/monkey-like face = confounding variable = low internal validity
. - Harlow: Human behaviours (towards caregivers) may be more under our conscious control compared to monkeys so lacks generalisability thus lacks validity
. + Harlow: Support by Schaffer and Emerson who say that a primary attachment figure is more likely to be the caregiver who showed sensitive responsiveness = conformt may be more important than feeding
. +/- Lorenz: Support by Guitton (1966) that found that leghorn chicks imprinted to yellow rubber gloves and tried to mate with them, HOWEVER after spending time with their own species the effects of imprinting reversed |
