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level: SOLVENTS AND VAPORS

Questions and Answers List

level questions: SOLVENTS AND VAPORS

Question	Answer
1 Metabolism and MOA: Undergoes oxidation via cytochrome P450s, with a small proportion being conjugated with glutathione (GSH pathway) – as a result it will be converted into Trichloroethanol and Chloroform. The poisoning and toxicity is caused by metabolites rather than its parent compound.	• Trichloroethylene (TCE)
CNS DEPRESSANT effects; also cause, LIVER CANCER, KIDNEY CANCER, & LUNG CANCER. METABOLITE of Trichloroethylene;	• Trichloroethanol and Chloroform (Trichloroethylene (TCE) metabolites)
Effects: ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: smoker and alcohol drinker Several uses: DRY CLEANER, FABRIC FINISHER, DECREASER, UPHOLSTERY CLEANER, paint and stain remover, solvent, and chemical intermediate; oxidized by hepatic P450 in a much lesser degree than TCE; High exposure to toxicity- occupational setting = thru inhalation;	• Tetrachloroethylene (aka Perc or Perchloroethylene)
Tetrachloroethylene (aka Perc or Perchloroethylene) MAJOR METABOLITE	• Trichloroacetic acid
Classic hepatotoxin: EFFECTS DIRECTLY ON THE LIVER; CAUSE KIDNEY INJURY Metabolism and MOA: UNDERGO METABOLIC ACTIVATION, producing LIPID PEROXIDATION, COVALENT BINDING, & INHIBITION of MICROSOMAL ATPASE ACTIVITY;	• Carbontetrachloride
EFFECTS: CNS SYMPTOMS AT SUBANESTHETIC CONCENTRATIONS SIMILAR TO ALCOHOL INTOXICATION, EXTREMELY HIGH EXPOSURE: SENSITIZE THE MYOCARDIUM TO CATECHOLAMINES Metabolism and MOA: covalently BINDS HEPATIC & RENAL PROTEINS & LIPIDS which damages membranes and other extracellular structure, leading to NECROSIS & TUMOR FORMATION; USED IN THE PRODUCTION IN THE REFRIGERANT FREON; hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic;	• Chloroforms/Trichloromethane
Chloroforms/Trichloromethane MAJOR METABOLITE; covalently binds with hepatic and renal proteins and lipids, which then damages cellular structures, lead to NECROSIS & TUMOR FORMATION.	• PHOSGENE (Chloroforms/Trichloromethane metabolite)
Effects: ANEMIA, LEUKEMIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, BONE MARROW DEPRESSION: in a form of BONE MARROW APLASIA & PANCYTOPENIA (dose-dependent to cause bone marrow aplasia pancytopenia). DERIVED FROM PETROLEUM; used in the synthesis of other chemicals; USED AS ANTINAC AGENT in unleaded gasoline, usually inhibit pre-ignition or nap of cars;	• Benzene
Effects: SUBTLE NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS (for occupational), SEVERE NEUROTOXICITY (for solvent abuse), SLIGHT DIZZINESS AND HEADACHE TO UNCONSCIOUSNESS, RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION &DEATH; NEUROTOXICITY CLINICAL SIGNS: ABNORMAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC (EEG) ACTIVITY, TREMORS, NYSTAGMUS, & CEREBRAL ATROPHY AS WELL AS IMPAIRED HEARING, VISION & SPEECH; permanent change in the brain structure (VENTRICULAR ENLARGEMENT & CEREBRAL ATROPHY); paints, lacquers, THINNING AGENTS, GLUES, production of their chemical, CLEANING AGENTS; Primary route thru inhalation; Well absorbed in the lungs and GI tract and RAPIDLY ACCUMULATES IN THE BRAIN;	• Toluene
white matter hyper intensity	• Toluene Leukoencephalopathy
Effects: SAME AS BENZENE & TOLUENE, CAN CAUSE MILD TRANSIENT LIVER & KIDNEY TOXICITY; Components of gasoline and fuel oil Used as a solvent and synthetic intermediates;	• Xylene and Ethylbenzene
Effects: FLUSHING, HEADACHE, NAUSEA, VOMITING, TACHYCARDIA & HYPERVENTILATION; In development toxicity, causes FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME Uses: additive in gasoline, solvent in different industry, household products and pharmaceuticals and alcoholic drinks (intoxicating drinks);	• Ethanol
Effects: ASYMPTOMATIC AT 12-24 HOURS after that different signs and symptoms manifest (FORMIC ACADEMIA, COMA & DEATH); Manifestation: VISUAL DISTURBANCES (DEVELOPS WITHIN 18-48 HOURS of INGESTION) Uses: Windshield washer fluid, Manufacture of formaldehyde and METHYL -TERT -BUTYL ETHER	• Methanols/ Methyl alcohol/ wood alcohol
Effects: REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY (SPONTANEOUS ABORTION, MENSTRUAL DISTURBANCES, SUBFERTILITY AMONG WOMEN), REVERSIBLE SPERMATOXICITY (for male= TESTICULAR & SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE ATROPHY= SMALL TESTICULARM, ALTER SPERM HEAD, NECROTIC SPERMATOCYTES, DECREASE SPERM MOTILITY & COUNT, FERTILITY), developmental toxicity (MINOR SKELETAL VARIATIONS in fetus for pregnant women, HYDROCEPHALUS, EXENCEPHALY, CARDIOVASCULAR MALFORMATION, DIGIT MALFORMATION, CLEFT LIP, NEURAL BIRTH DEFECTS OR SPINA BIFIDA = spine is outside), hepatotoxicity (CAUSE HEMOLYSIS= destroys RBC)	• EG monomethyl ester, EG dimethyl ether, 2 -ME acetate • (GLYCOL ETHER)
are human carcinogens can cause ACUTE AND CHRONIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (it can damage our brain; it can also affect MOTOR AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT) Exposure to gas through sniffing for its euphoric effects	1) Benzene, 2) MTBE (Methyl Tert-butyl ether) and 3) 1-3-butadiene
Exposure: HEADACHE, EYE-NOSE-THROAT IRRITATION, COUGH, NAUSEA, DIZZINESS, DISORIENTATION	MTBE (Methyl Tert-butyl ether)
ADDITIVE AND POSSIBLY SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS on GROWTH, NEUROCHEMISTRY, and HISTOPATHOLOGY of the ADRENAL GLAND & RESPIRATORY TRACT.	CO EXPOSURE ethanol and gasoline
Ingestion: BURNING SENSATION in the MOUTH & PHARYNX, NAUSEA & VOMITING, DIARRHEA can cause PULMONARY EPITHELIUM DAMAGE, EDEMA, PNEUMONITIS	GASOLINE