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level: Growth Adaptation

Questions and Answers List

Growth Adaptations

Question	Answer
Increased cell production from stem cells	Hyperplasia
Increased cell size through gene activation, protein synthesis and organelle production	Hypertrophy
Decreased cell number through apoptosis; Decreased cell size through ubiquitin proteasome pathway and autophagy	Atrophy
Ubiquitin attaches to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton -> degradation by proteasome	Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
Autophagic vacuoles -> fusion with lysosomes -> hydrolytic enzymes degrade contents	Autophagy
Change in cell type via reprogramming of stem cells to produce new cell type better adapted to stressor	Metaplasia
Nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium -> nonciliated mucinous columnar epithelium	Barret's esophagus
Night blindness; Decreased immunity (decreased maturation of leukocytes); Keratomalacia	Vitamin A deficiency
t(15;17); Disrupted vitamin A receptor-> Cells trapped in blast state -> decreased immunity	Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Specialized epithelium of conjunctiva -> stratified keratinizing squamous	Keratomalacia
Mesenchymal tissue metaplasia from muscle trauma/inflammation; Muscle -> Bone	Myositis ossificans
Associated with Fibrocystic changes of the breast, no increased risk for cancer	Apocrine metaplasia of breast
Reversible proliferation/disordered growth of precancerous cells from longstanding pathologic hyperplasia/metaplasia	Dysplasia
Failure of cell production during embryogenesis -> absent organ	Aplasia
Decreased cell production during embryogenesis -> relatively small organ	Hypoplasia