| The driving force for passive absorption of a drug is the: | concentration gradient across a membrane separating body compartment |
| Physical factors influencing absorption: | total surface area available for absorption |
| Clinical effectiveness often depends on: | minimum serum drug concentration |
| Process by which drugs find their way into the urine, | active tubular secretion |
| A drug which has no effect enhances the effect of a second drug: | potentiation |
| Parameters used to evaluate time-response relationship, | onset of action |
| Clinical effectiveness often depends on: | minimum serum drug concentration |
| When the dose of the drug is gradually increased and the first noticeable effect is observed, the dose that
produces this effect is called: | threshold dose |
| Regulates and directs sensory impulses traveling to the cortex: | thalamus |
| Inhaled anesthetics are relatively insoluble in blood and brain are eliminated at faster rate than the more
soluble anesthetics: | True |
| Coordinate body movement and posture to help maintain body equilibrium: | cerebellum |
| Treatment of neuroses: | psychotherapy |
| Used in treating complex partial seizure: | Carbamazepine & Phenytoin |
| Generalized tonic-clonic drug: | Phenytoin |
| The most important criterion in determining whether surgical anesthesia has been achieved is: | absence of eye motion |
| The branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of the action of drug on functions of the body: | Pharmacodynamics |
| Drug of choice in the treatment of status epiliptecus: | Diazepam |
| An anti-platelet drug: | Dipyridamole |
| The branch of pharmacology that deals with disposition and fate of drug is: | Pharmacokinetics |
| Causes mydriasis by blocking the parasympathetic impulses to the sphincter muscle of the iris: | Atropine |
| Drug of choice for Tularemia: | Streptomycin |
| The following conditions are prone to thrombus formation | varicose vein |
| Can improve the CO of CHF patient: | Dobutamine |
| Effective for the management of chronic gouty arthritis: | allopurinol |
| Decrease the probability of second Myocardial Infarction | Aspirin |
| Inhibits warfarin metabolism and causes potentiation of anticoagulant: | Cimetidine |
| Histamine H1 receptor blockers are useful in the treatment of: | rhinitis & urticaria |
| It is the treatment of choice for influenza infection: | Amantadine |
| It can lead to discoloration of teeth if given to children: | Tetracylcine |
| Which of the ff. agents shows cytotoxicity that is cell cycle specific? | Bleomycin |
| During times of stress, the adrenal gland releases ___ into the blood. | epinephrine &adrenaline |
| Acetylcholine transmits all parasympathetic signals to end organs by binding to: | muscarinic receptors |
| Increase calcium influx into myocardial cells during heart failure: | Digoxin |
| Draw water into the urine, without interfering with ion secretion or absorption in the kidney: | Osmotic diuretics |
| Arrhythmia occurs because one or more regions of the heart is/are: | breathing too fast or too slow |
| Clinically useful agents which enhance neurotransmission include the following | drugs which prevent transmitter degradation |
| Responsible for reducing the release of NorEpinephrine from sympathetic nerves: | Alpha 2 postsynaptic adrenergic receptor |
| Produces competitive antagonism of catecholamine by blockade of alpha 1 receptors: | Phentolamine |
| This may occur when the electrical conduction pathways malfunction: | arrhythmias |
| Placebo may be given: | to patients with mild psychological disorders who attribute their symptoms to physical disease |
| A branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of doses: | Posology |
| It refers to the fate of the drug during its sojourn through the body: | Pharmacokinetics |
| Drugs administered by inhalation are absorbed in the: | lungs |
| Weak acids are reabsorbed into the bloodstream when: | the urinary pH is low |
| All of the following are catecholamines, | Norepinephrine |
| Which of the following is an inhibitory amino acid? | GABA |
| The following situations give rise to excitatory postsynaptic potential | depolarization of the membrane |
| The response characterized by increasing magnitude with greater concentration of unbound drug at the
receptor site: | Graded dose response |
| It refers to the relative concentration required to produce a given magnitude of effect: | potency |
| Interaction of two drugs whose opposing actions in the body tend to cancel each other’s effect: | physiological antagonism |
| The period from the drug administration to the first visible effect is: | onset of action |
| Parkinson’s disease is due to: | excessive cholinergic activity |
| When MAOi is taken with tyramine containing food it can result to serious consequences such as: | hypertensive crisis & cerebral stroke |
| Meclizine is used to prevent nausea and vomiting due to: | vertigo & motion sickness |
| Antipsychotic agents reduce hallucinations and agitation by: | blocking the reuptake of NE and SE |
| Antihistamines can be used clinically as: | antiemetic |
| A drug used to treat chronic alcoholism: | Disulfiram |
| The following are pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines, | reduction of anxiety |
| Alcohol can produce the following peripheral effects, | diuresis |
| All of the ff. statements about the extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotics are correct, | if therapy is stopped, tardive dyskinesia occurs |
| Pharmacological effects brought about by dopamine receptor blockade, | development of parkinsonian signs |
| Which of the ff. statements is CORRECT about Loperamide? | it is used to control diarrhea |
| Which of the ff. statements is NOT TRUE about paracetamol? | associated with Reye’s syndrome in children |
| A dissociative anesthetic agent: | Ketamine |
| A drug useful in febrile seizure: | Phenobarbital |
| A drug that reverses the effects of morphine and heroin by competitively blocking the opioid receptors: | naloxone |
| It refers to a change of one or more of the pharmacokinetic processes with increasing dose size: | dose dependency |
| Cleaning out of stomach by repeated infusion of water using rubber tube: | gastric lavage |
| The process with the slowest rate constant in a system of simultaneous kinetic processes: | rate limiting step |
| The measured preparation devised to make possible the administration of medications in prescribed or
measured amounts: | dosage form |
| The sum of all body regions in which the drug concentration is an instantaneous equilibrium with that in
blood or plasma: | central compartment |
| Loss of drug from the central compartment due to transfer to another compartment: | disposition |
| The extent of protein binding is determined in vitro by the ff. mechanisms, | ultra centrifugation |
| A phase I biotransformation reaction, | sulfoxidation |
| A phase II biotransformation, | methylation |
| Non-irritating to the larynx and produces bronchiolar dilation: | halothane |
| Commonly used spinal anesthetic that is 10 times more potent than procaine: | tetracaine |
| Which of the ff. effects is associated with benzodiazepines? | paradoxical excitement |
| Is a potent ultra short-acting non barbiturate hypnotic agent without analgesic properties: | diazepam |
| It is an important autonomic nervous system center wherein it plays a role in the regulation of body
temperature water balance, and metabolism: | hypothalamus |
| It triggers the ovulation of an egg from the female ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to be converted to a
corpus luteum: | luteinizing hormone |
| The standard of comparison for potency of general anesthetic agent is: | minimum alveolar concentration |
| Benzodiazepines are used therapeutically which of the following indications? | panic disorder |
| Which of the following effects is produced by morphine, | Vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels |
| Benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in that benzodiazepines: | have a higher margin of safety than barbiturates |
| Classified as an amide-type local anesthetic, | lidocaine |
| This drug has both local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties: | lidocaine |
| This drug produces rapid analgesia and amnesia while maintaining laryngeal reflexes: | dissociative anesthesia |
| Contraindicated to patients with seizure disorders: | cocaine |
| Leukopenia has been reported with chronic abuse of ____. | nitrous oxide |
| This drug produces tolerance, abuse, hyperyrexia and anorexia: | cocaine |
| Postulates that the local anesthetic displaces Ca++ from a site near the Na+ channel and blocks the adjacent
Na+ channel: | specific receptor theory |
| The most serious adverse effect of local anesthetics: | seizures |
| The agent which has a parasympathetic effect that can cause bradycardia and hypotension: | fentanyl |
| Which of the ff. agents may be considered the drug of choice for the treatment of absence seizures? | ethosuximide |
| Softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D either from a poor diet or lack of sunshine or
both: | osteomalacia |
| A stage of anesthesia where there is loss of consciousness and is characterized by irregular respiration and
involuntary activity: | delirium |
| If a drug stimulates its own metabolism, the phenomenon is called: | auto-induction |
| The protein binding of a drug is defined by: | the affinity constant |
| Which of the ff. agents is the primary drug for treatment of major motor seizures and partial seizures? | carbamazepine |
| A tricyclic antidepressant which is effective in multiple sclerosis patients with pseudobulbar palsy: | amitriptyline |
| It potentiates the action of biogenic amines, presumably by blocking the inactivating reuptake of the amines
after release from the presynaptic neuron: | tricyclic antidepressants |
| Granulocytopenia, GI irritation, gingival hyperplasia and facial hirsutism are all possible side effects of
which of the following anticonvulsant drugs? | phenytoin |
| Symptoms of migraine, | phonohobia |
| Barbiturates are being replaced by benzodiazepines for use as sedative-hypnotic agents because of the
shortcomings of the barbiturates therapy, which include all of the following, | suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
| Chemically it is a trimethylated monocyclic phenylaminoketone used for the treatment of major depression: | bupropion |
| The brain stem centers affected most strongly by barbiturates are: | the respiratory centers |
| Ultra-short acting barbiturates are used primarily as: | preanesthetic agents |
| Amitriptyline is used to treat symptoms of: | depression |
| Endocrine and metabolic effects of antipsychotic drugs are the following, | weight gain |
| Drugs active by the oral route in the treatment of bronchial asthma, | terbutaline |
| This diuretic competitively antagonizes aldosterone: | spronolactone |
| This antacid is likely to produce mental depression in patient with poor renal function: | magnesium trisilicate |
| This antacid produces cathartic action: | magnesium trisilicate |
| A laxative considered as a surface active agent and has an action of easing defecation by softening stool: | dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate |
| The most common adverse effect associated with the use of antihistamines is: | sedation |
| Which of the following is a stimulant laxative? | castor oil |
| All of the following statements concerning antacids are true, | sodium bicarbonate is very effective in neutralizing stomach acid but its use is not recommended because of
the potential for systemic alkalosis and fluid retention |
| The mechanism of action of the anticoagulant effect of coumarin derivatives involves: | an action that blocks the release of preformed prothrombin by the liver |
| Regarding the therapeutic uses of iron: | oral ferrous sulfate is the treatment of choice for iron deficiency |
| Antihistamines (H1 antagonists) are useful in treating certain allergic disorders and the mechanism is most
likely the result of: | inhibition of histamine release |
| Histamine shock is associated with all of the following, | a reduced venous return to the heart |
| Which of the following agents can produce hearing loss and renal impairment? | cisplatin |
| Which of the following is not a selective beta 1 blocker? | timolol |
| Beta blocker given thru IV used for emergency hypertension: | betaxolol |
| Which of the following drugs is used to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in patient with blood pressure of
180/100 mmHg? | oxytocin |
| Drug of choice for myasthenia gravis: | neostigmine |
| It is a CNS neurotransmitter with greater inotropic effect, less chronotropic effect and is used primarily for
congestive heart failure: | dopamine |
| Neurotransmitter at adrenergic receptors: | norepinephrine |
| Neurotransmitter at cholinergic receptors: | acetylcholine |
| Antagonist at alpha adrenergic receptors: | phentolamine |
| Antagonist at muscarinic receptors: | atropine |
| Antagonist at nicotinic receptor: | curare |
| Preanesthetic agent to prevent delayed hypersensitivity reaction: | promethazine |
| Enzyme/s which break/s down the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nerve: | catechol-o-methyl transferase |
| Enzyme/s which break/s down the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nerve: | monoamine oxidase |
| Drug of choice for Parkinson’s disease: | levodopa |
| Long-acting barbiturate: | Phenobarbital |
| Opioid used for intractable, dry itchy cough: | codeine |
| Antidote for physostigmine poisoning: | NH4Cl |
| Dopamine: | adrenergic agonist |
| Edrophonium: | antiacetylcholinesterase agent |
| Antidote for warfarin toxicity: | vitamin K |
| Antihypertensive agent used as hair grower in alopecia: | minoxidil |
| Nifedipine: | calcium channel blocker |
| Anti-anginal agent | Nitroglycerine: |
| Used to induce ovulation: | clomiphene |
| Aldosterone: | mineralocorticoid |
| Two drugs have the same pharmacological effects but when given together produced a greater effect than if
each drug was given individually: | synergism |
