| It is the process of comminution in which a paste is formed by combining the powder material and a small amount of liquid in which the powder is insoluble. | levigation |
| Powders containing deliquescent and hygroscopic materials should be wrapped in what kind of paper? | Waxed paper |
| This method is used when a small amount of potent substances is to be mixed with a large amount of diluents. | geometric dilution |
| In preparing effervescent granulated salts, which of the following statement/s hold/s true | I. Effervescent granules can be prepared using two methods, the dry and wet methods.
II. The effervcence from the released CO2 serves to mask the bitter or salty taste of drugs. |
| Which of the following powders can be classified as bulk powders? | Douche, dusting, Insufflation |
| The following statement/s hold/s true for capsules: | Soft gelatin capsules are used by community pharmacist in the extemporaneous compounding of prescriptions. |
| Normally how many % of water is contained in a hard gelatin capsule? | 12-16 |
| The largest size of hard, empty capsule that can be swallowed is : | 000 |
| I. Gelatin is obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen obtained from the skin, white connective tissue and bones of animals.
II. Although gelatin is insoluble in cold water, it does soften through the absorption of up to ten times the weight of the water.
III. Gelatin is soluble in hot water and in warm gastric fluid; a gelatin capsule rapidly dissolves and exposes its contents. | True |
| Prolonged exposure to high humidity can affect in vitro dissolution of capsules containing | I. tetracycline
II. Chloramphenicol
III. Nitrofurantoin |
| This chemical agent is used to render the capsule opaque: | titanium dioxide |
| I. SGC is made of gelatin to which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol has been added.
II. Methyl parabens can be used as preservatives to retard microbial growth. | True |
| Types of liquids that may be encapsulated into soft gelatin capsules include the following | I. Propylene glycol
II. Polyethylene glycols |
| Capsules
I. Are harmless in the quantities used
II. Do not exceed the minimum amounts required to provide their intended effect
III. Do not impair the product’s bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy or safety | True |
| These are compressed tablets coated with substances that resist dissolution in gastric fluid but integrate in the intestine. | Enteric-coated tablets |
| This type of coating imparts the same general characteristics as sugar coating with the added advantage of greatly reduced time period required for the coating operation. | Film coating |
| These tablets were originally used by physicians in the extemporaneous preparation of parenteral solutions. | Hypodermic tablets |
| I. Have delayed-release features
II Are intended to pass through the stomach intact to disintegrate and release their drug-content for absorption along the intestines | Enteric-coated tablets have these characteristic/s: |
| 19. Example of materials used in enteric coating includes: | I. Shellac III. Polyvinyl acetatephthalate
II. Cellulose acetate phthalate |
| compressed tablets:
I Tablet diameters and shapes are determined by the die and punches used in the compression of the tablet.
II They are made from powdered, crystalline or granular materials, alone or in combination with binders, disintegrants, controlled-release polymers, lubricants, diluents and colorants. | True |
| This is a method of preparing tablets in which the powder mixture is compacted in large pieces and subsequently broken down or sized into granules. | Dry granulation |
| For some granular chemicals like potassium chloride, this method of preparation is of an advantage to use | Direct compression |
| The problems most commonly encountered during direct compression include | I. Capping III. Lamination
II. Splitting |
| For chemicals which do not possess cohesive and free-following properties, the following excipients could be used to impart necessary qualities for the production of tablets b direct compression. | I. Spray-dried lactose
III. Fume silicon dioxide
II. Magnesium stearate |
| wet granulation method
I. Liquid binder is added to the powder mixture to facilitate the adhesion of the powder particles
II Granules may be dried in thermostatically controlled ovens which constantly record the time, temperature and humidity | True |
| Lubricants contribute to the preparation of compressed tablets by: Improving the flow of granulation in the hopper to die cavity
II. Preventing the adhesion of the tablet formulation to the punches and dies during compression
III. Reducing friction between the tablet and die wall during the tablet’s ejection from the tablet machine | True |
| Improving the flow of granulation in the hopper to die cavity
II. Preventing the adhesion of the tablet formulation to the punches and dies during compression
III. Reducing friction between the tablet and die wall during the tablet’s ejection from the tablet machine | A fluid-bed granulator |
| I. Ingredients that is sensitive to moisture or unable to withstand elevated temperature during drying
II. One of the constituents, either the active ingredient or the diluents, must have cohesive properties | Dry granulation: Used for tablet |
| Aspirin, which is hydrolyzed on exposure to moisture, is prepared into tablet using the dry granulation method. Other drugs which should be prepared using this process include: | Thiamine HCl,Ascorbic acid |
| This process is a form of pelletization, which refers to the formation of spherical particles from wet granulations. | Spheronization |
| This method consists of bringing together a highly dispersed liquid and a sufficient volume of hot air to produce evaporation and drying of the liquid droplets | Spray drying |
| Spray-dried powder particles possess the following characteristic/s: | I. They are homogenous, approximately spherical in shape and nearly uniform in size.
II. Have low bulk density with rapid rate of solution |
| This the only carbohydrate used in the preparation of compressed tablet which possesses high heat stability. | mannitol |
| preparation of sugar-free chewable tablets?
I. Mannitol is used as the excipient in most chewable tablets.
II. These tablets are formulated to disintegrate smoothly in the mouth with or without active chewing.
III. These tablets are particularly useful for children and adults who have difficulty swallowing other solid dosage forms | True |
| Which excipient/s is/are used in the preparation of sugar-free chewable tablets? Except | Xylitol |
| Which excipient/s is/are used in the preparation of sugar-free chewable tablets? | Dextrose, lactose |
| I. Protect the medicinal agent destructive exposure to air and/or humidity II. Mask the unpleasant taste of the drug
III. Provide special characteristics of drug release | Tablet coating the following advantage/s: |
| II. Coating may be colored to make tablets attractive and distinctive
III. Film-coating solutions may be non-aqueous or aqueous | Film coated tablets possess the following are true |
| This substance provides water solubility or permeability to the film to ensure penetration by body fluids and therapeutic availability of the drug. | alloying substance |
| II. Expensive as compared to volatile solvents
III. Increased likelihood of water interference with the tablet formulation | .Problems encountered on the use of aqueous based film coating solution include: |
| I. A high solid content for greater coating activity
II. Low viscosity which allows less water to be used in the coating dispersion
III. Low viscosity which permits greater coat penetration into the crevices of monogrammed or scored tablets | AQUACOAT is a commercially available water-based colloidal coating dispersion which contains 30% ethyl cellulose pseudolatex. Pseudolatex dispersion has: |
| .This is a problem often encountered in film coating process characterized by roughness of the tablet surface due to failure of spray droplets to coalesce. | orange-peel effect |
| This problem corresponds to the filling-in of the score line or indented logo on the tablet by the film. | Bridging |
| This problem is characterized by the appearance of small amounts of film fragments flaking from the tablet surface. | Picking |
| I. Are small, round, solid dosage form containing a medicinal agents and intended to be administered orally
II. Have been replaced today by compressed tablets and capsules
III. Are placed in the mouth, where they dissolve slowly, liberating the active ingredient | True for pills |
| These are forms of oral medication which are discoid-shaped solids containing the medicinal agent in a suitably flavored base. | I. Troches
II. Pastilles
III. Lozenges |
| 46. The following drug is/are available in pellet forms: | I. Testosterone III. Desoxycorticoster
II. Estradiol |
| This type of dosage form allows a reduction in dosing frequency to that presented by a conventional dosage form. | Extended release |
| This type dosage form is designed to release the drug form at a time other than promptly after administration. | Delayed release |
| I. There is reduction in drug blood level fluctuations.
II. There is frequency reduction in dosing
III. There is reduction in terms of adverse side effects. | true for extended-release dosage forms: |
| In general, the drugs best suited for incorporation into an extended-release product have the following characteristic/s: | Are uniformly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract |
| This is process by which solids, liquids or even gases may be encapsulated into miscroscopic size particles through the formation of thin coating of “wall” material around the substance being encapsulated. | Microencapsulation |
| The following statement/s is/are true when embedding drug in inert plastic matrix: | I.The drug is granulated with an inert plastic material such as polyethylene and the granulation is compressed into tablets
III. The compression of the tablet creates the matrix or plastic form that retains its shape during the leaching of the drug and through its passage through the alimentary tract. |
| The effectiveness of the hydrophilic matrix systems is based on the successive processes of: | I. Hydration of the cellulose polymer
II. Gel formation on the polymer’s surface
III. Tablet erosion and subsequent and continuous release of the drug |
| II. The release of the drug in a drug-resin complex is dependent upon the pH and the electrolyte concentration in the GIT. | drug release form the dosage form i |
| These tablets are prepared so that an initial dose of drug is released immediately followed later by a second dose. | Repeat action |
| I. Eliminates the problem of rapid loss of administered drug due to the blinking of the eye and flushing of lacrimal fluids
II. The rate of drug diffusions is controlled by the polymer composition, membrane thickness, and solubility of the drug.
III. Ocusert and lacrisert are example of ophthalmic inserts | true for ophthalmic inserts |
| These are solid dosage forms which are designed to be inserted under the skin by special injectors or by surgical incision. | Implants |
| I. These products should not be crushed or chewed.
II. Nonerodible plastic matrix shells and osmotic tablets remain intact throughout GI transmit and empty shell or “ghost” from osmotic tablets may be seen in stool | The following should be observed in the use of oral modified-release dosage forms |
| The release of a drug from an oral dosage form may be intentionally delayed until it reaches the intestines for several reasons. The purpose may be: | A. to protect the drug destroyed by gastric fluids
B. to reduce gastric distress caused by drugs particularly irritating to the stomach
C. to facilitate GI transit for drugs which are better absorbed from the intestines |
| It is the most common “wall” forming material used in microencapsulation. | gelatin |
| I. These are semi-solid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
II. They may be medicated or nonmedicated
III. Nonmedicated ointments are used as protectants, emollients or lubricants. | ointments |
| hydrocarbon bases: | I. Also termed as oleaginous bases
II. Have an emollient effect and are effective as occlusive dressing
III. Permit the incorporation of powdered substances with the use of a levigating agent |
| Yellow ointment is an example of | A. Hydrocarbon base
B. Oleaginous base |
| The following ointment base/s is/are classified as hydrocarbon base/s: | I. Petrolatum
II. White ointment |
