| Diffusion of water through SPM from higher to lower conctn | Osmosis |
| Isotonic | Balanced osmotic pressure, no net flow of water |
| hypotonic solution | cell swell up |
| Hypertonic | Cell shrink |
| Aristotle | Father of biology, zoology; book: hostoria animalia |
| Theophrastus | Describes 500 plants; book: Historia plantarum oldest available litrature in botony |
| Historia naturalis | Pliny, 1000 economically imp plants and uses |
| Father of indian botony | William rouxburg |
| Associated with scientific methods and it refers to discoveries made unexpectedly or by chance | serendipity coined by horace walpole in 1754 |
| Penicillin | Accidentally discovered by fleming |
| Energy acting on the gases in the early atmosphere resulted in the formation of organic compounds | oparin-haldane hypothesis |
| Most primitive/ancestral organism | Progenote |
| Oldest fossils of prokaryotes | Stomatolites |
| abnormal increase in number of cells | hyperplasia |
| abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ or increase in size of cells | Hypertrophy |
| Asexual reproduction | Formation of gametes and fusion not involved
Zygote not formed
Meiotic cell division absent |
| Sexual reproduction | Biparental
Sex organ present
Formation and fusion of gametes
Zygote formed
Meiosis occurs |
| Budding | Yeast, hydra(lower organism) |
| True rgeneration | Planaria |
| Fragmentation | Fungi, filamentous algae, protonema of mosses |
| Reproduction = growth | Unicellular organism |
| Exception of exhibiting metabolism | Virus |
| Ability of living things to respond to stimuli | Irritability (not grouchy) |
| Ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for life | Homeostasis |
| Sustained cellular response to transient stimulus | Biological memory |
| International day for biological diversity | 22 may 2020 |
| World earth day | 22 april |
| World ENV day | 5 june |
| World ozone day | 16 sept |
| Process used to seperate cellular components while preserving indvidual functions of each components | Cell fractionation |
| Physico chemical approach to study and understand living organism | Reductionist biology |
| Forms 65% human body or 2/3 of human body | Water, helps in sustaining life processes |
| Mainly utilized in aerobic cell respiration of nutrients inside mitochondria | Oxygen, to produce ATP |
| Main storage molecules, most organisms use it as important fuel | Carbohydrate |
| Polymeric compound formed by interlinking of amino acids by peptide bond | Protien |
| Lipids comprise of ? | Major insoluble hydrocarbons, polymer of alchohol (glycerol), fatty acid (ester bond) |
| Nucleotides-3 compounds | 1. Pentose sugar in DNA and ribose in RNA
2. Phosphate group
3. Inorganic nitrogen base: purine and pyrimidine |
| One form of energy is changed into another | Transformation |
| Radiant or kinetic energy of sunlight changed into chemical or potential energy of glucose | Photosynthesis anabolism |
| Movement of energy from one source, area to another | Tranfer |
| Oxidative break down of glucose occurs inside the mitochondria of aerobic plants and animals | Cell respiration or catabolism |
| Glucose 》enzymatically catabolised 》gives? | Water + CO2 + 686Kcal |
| a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions | ATP |
| Phosphorylation of ADP | ATP |
| Life processes have no exceptions are | Defining character/property |
| Growth from inside | Intrinsic |
| Growth from outside | Extrinsic |
| the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy | Anabolism or synthetic reaction |
| breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy | Catabolism or destructive reaction |
| Indeterminate growth | Unlimited growth |
| Determinate growth | Limited growth |
| the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring | Reproduction |
| the immediate descendants of a person | Progeny |
| the organic processes in a cell or organism that are necessary for life | Metabolism |
| sum total of all chemical reactions in our body or cells | Metabolism |
| Metabolism | Defining property of life |
| an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation | Consciousness |
| Ability to sense the surrounding envirnment and respond to environment stimuli | Consciousness |
| Group of population have potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring | Species |
| One whose habitat is restricted to a particular area often endangered | Endemic species |
| speciation occurring in the same or overlapping geographical areas | sympatric speciation |
| Species inhabiting different geographival areas | allopatric speciation |
| Identification and localization of chemical compounds of a cell | cytochemistry |
| diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal | osmosis |
| large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; synthesizes vitamin A; detoxifies poisonous substances and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes | Liver |
| that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | Brain |
| either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes especially urea from the blood and excrete them and water in urine | Kidney |
| any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney | Nephron |
| a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph | ECG |
| Sertoli cells | Testes |
| Hepatocyte cells | Liver |
| Nephrons | Kidney |
| an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion | Stomach |
| the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus | Intestine |
| duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct | Urethra |
| one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone | Ovary |
| either one of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the nose | Nostril |
| the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone | Pharynx |
| the passage between the pharynx and the stomach | Oesophagus |
| the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens | Caecum |
| the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along | Peristalsis |
| the act of swallowing | Deglutition |
| membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi | Trachea |
| a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech | Larynx |
| a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues | Haemoglobin |
| the colorless watery fluid of the blood and lymph that contains no cells, but in which the blood cells erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes are suspended | Plasma |
| a serous membrane with two layers that surrounds the heart | Pericardium |
| a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits atheromas inside the arterial walls, thus narrowing the arteries | atherosclerosis |
| sclerosis of the arterial walls | Arteriosclerosis |
| any pathological hardening or thickening of tissue | Sclerosis |
| the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin | Myosin |
| one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form | Actin |
| one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber | Myofibril |
| inflammation of a joint or joints | Arthritis |
| a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses | Neuron |
| German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882) | Schwann |
| German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 formulated the cell theory (1804-1881) | Schleiden |
| an organ having nerve endings in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth that respond to stimulation | Receptor |
| associated with the eardrum | tympanic membrane |
| a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessness | alzheimers |
| mental deterioration of organic or functional origin | Dementia |
| any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream | Endocrine |
| a gland that secretes externally through a duct | Exocrine |
| enlargement of bones of hands and feet and face; often accompanied by headache and muscle pain and emotional disturbances; caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland (due to a tumor) | Acromegaly |
| a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex of animals; affects functioning of gonads and has anti-inflammatory activity | Glucocorticoid |
| a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates the cells in male mammals that form sperm | FSH |
| hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity | Gonadotropgins |
| male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics | Androgen |
| a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics | Estrogen |
| a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes; responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics | Testosterone |
| a steroid hormone trade name Lipo-Lutin produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy | Progesterone |
| any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes | Phospholipid |
| an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates) | Lipid |
| an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissues | Cholesterol |
| purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA | Adenine |
| a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA but not in DNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine | Uracil |
| a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information | DNA |
| a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell | RNA |
| a glycoside formed by partial hydrolysis of a nucleic acid | Nucleoside |
| a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) | Nucleotide |
| a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids | Polypeptide |
| any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes | Protein |
| an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain | Carbohydrate |
| a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma | Prokaryote |
| an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells | Eukaryote |
| an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cell | Ribosome |
| the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms | Genetics |
| an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy | Mitochondrion |
| abnormally afraid of water | Hydrophobic |
| having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water | Hydrophilic |
| an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells | Lysosome |
| a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell | Vacuole |
| marked or dyed or discolored with foreign matter | Stained |
| the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes | Chromatin |
| a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order | Chromosome |
| the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell | Nucleoplasm |
| a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis | Nucleolus |
| a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids | Histone |
| a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape | Centromere |
| a lash-like appendage used for locomotion e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa | Flagellum |
| having hairlike projections | Ciliated |
| a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell; provides locomotion in free-swimming unicellular organisms | Cilium |
| any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions | Enzyme |
| a minute life form especially a disease-causing bacterium; the term is not in technical use | Microbe |
| a structure resembling a bag in an animal | Sac |
| one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells; composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis | Centriole |
| cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes | mitosis |
| organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells | Cytokinesis |
| organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis | Karyokinesis |
| a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling | Collagen |
| a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin | Gelatine |
| of or relating to the theory of reductionism | Reductionist |
| the analysis of complex things into simpler constituents | Reductionism |
| the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole | holism |
| Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938) | Gram |
| ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid: DNA or RNA; wrapped in a thin coat of protein | Virus |
| single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants | Bacteria |
| a fatty deposit in the intima inner lining of an artery; can obstruct blood flow | Atheroma |
| a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions | Actomyosin |
| a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed | Globulin |
| having the shape of a sphere or ball | Globular |
| any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs | Steroid |
| a base found in DNA but not in RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine | Thymine |
| having the sticky properties of an adhesive | Glutinous |
| one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis | Chromatid |
